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Software in military aviation and drone mishaps: Analysis and recommendations for the investigation process

Author

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  • Foreman, Veronica L.
  • Favaró, Francesca M.
  • Saleh, Joseph H.
  • Johnson, Christopher W.

Abstract

Software plays a central role in military systems. It is also an important factor in many recent incidents and accidents. A safety gap is growing between our software-intensive technological capabilities and our understanding of the ways they can fail or lead to accidents. Traditional forms of accident investigation are poorly equipped to trace the sources of software failure, for instance software does not age in the same way that hardware components fail over time. As such, it can be hard to trace the causes of software failure or mechanisms by which it contributed to accidents back into the development and procurement chain to address the deeper, systemic causes of potential accidents. To identify some of these failure mechanisms, we examined the database of the Air Force Accident Investigation Board (AIB) and analyzed mishaps in which software was involved. Although we have chosen to focus on military aviation, many of the insights also apply to civil aviation. Our analysis led to several results and recommendations. Some were specific and related for example to specific shortcomings in the testing and validation of particular avionic subsystems. Others were broader in scope: for instance, we challenged both the investigation process (aspects of) and the findings in several cases, and we provided recommendations, technical and organizational, for improvements. We also identified important safety blind spots in the investigations with respect to software, whose contribution to the escalation of the adverse events was often neglected in the accident reports. These blind spots, we argued, constitute an important missed learning opportunity for improving accident prevention, and it is especially unfortunate at a time when Remotely Piloted Air Systems (RPAS) are being integrated into the National Airspace. Our findings support the growing recognition that the traditional notion of software failure as non-compliance with requirements is too limited to capture the diversity of roles that software plays in military and civil aviation accidents. The identification of several specific mechanisms by which software contributes to accidents can help populate a library of patterns and triggers of software contributions to adverse events, a library which in turn can be used to help guide better software development, better coding, and better testing to avoid or eliminate these particular patterns and triggers. Finally, we strongly argue for the examination of software’s causal role in accident investigations, the inclusion of a section on the subject in the accident reports, and the participation of software experts in accident investigations.

Suggested Citation

  • Foreman, Veronica L. & Favaró, Francesca M. & Saleh, Joseph H. & Johnson, Christopher W., 2015. "Software in military aviation and drone mishaps: Analysis and recommendations for the investigation process," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 101-111.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:reensy:v:137:y:2015:i:c:p:101-111
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ress.2015.01.006
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Saleh, J.H. & Marais, K.B. & Bakolas, E. & Cowlagi, R.V., 2010. "Highlights from the literature on accident causation and system safety: Review of major ideas, recent contributions, and challenges," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 95(11), pages 1105-1116.
    2. Saleh, Joseph H. & Saltmarsh, Elizabeth A. & Favarò, Francesca M. & Brevault, Loïc, 2013. "Accident precursors, near misses, and warning signs: Critical review and formal definitions within the framework of Discrete Event Systems," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 148-154.
    3. Herrera, I.A. & Woltjer, R., 2010. "Comparing a multi-linear (STEP) and systemic (FRAM) method for accident analysis," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 95(12), pages 1269-1275.
    4. Karlene H. Roberts, 1990. "Some Characteristics of One Type of High Reliability Organization," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 1(2), pages 160-176, May.
    5. Favarò, Francesca M. & Jackson, David W. & Saleh, Joseph H. & Mavris, Dimitri N., 2013. "Software contributions to aircraft adverse events: Case studies and analyses of recurrent accident patterns and failure mechanisms," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 131-142.
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    Cited by:

    1. Favarò, Francesca M. & Saleh, Joseph H., 2018. "Application of temporal logic for safety supervisory control and model-based hazard monitoring," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 166-178.
    2. D'Anniballe, A. & Silva, J. & Marzocca, P. & Ceruti, A., 2020. "The role of augmented reality in air accident investigation and practitioner training," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 204(C).
    3. Elena Zaitseva & Vitaly Levashenko & Ravil Mukhamediev & Nicolae Brinzei & Andriy Kovalenko & Adilkhan Symagulov, 2023. "Review of Reliability Assessment Methods of Drone Swarm (Fleet) and a New Importance Evaluation Based Method of Drone Swarm Structure Analysis," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-26, June.

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