IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/matcom/v190y2021icp1056-1079.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Portfolio Value-at-Risk and expected-shortfall using an efficient simulation approach based on Gaussian Mixture Model

Author

Listed:
  • Seyfi, Seyed Mohammad Sina
  • Sharifi, Azin
  • Arian, Hamidreza

Abstract

Monte Carlo Approaches for calculating Value-at-Risk (VaR) are powerful tools widely used by financial risk managers across the globe. However, they are time consuming and sometimes inaccurate. In this paper, a fast and accurate Monte Carlo algorithm for calculating VaR and ES based on Gaussian Mixture Models is introduced. Gaussian Mixture Models are able to cluster input data with respect to market’s conditions and therefore no correlation matrices are needed for risk computation. Sampling from each cluster with respect to their weights and then calculating the volatility-adjusted stock returns leads to possible scenarios for prices of assets. Our results on a sample of US stocks show that the Gmm-based VaR model is computationally efficient and accurate. From a managerial perspective, our model can efficiently mimic the turbulent behavior of the market. As a result, our VaR measures before, during and after crisis periods realistically reflect the highly non-normal behavior and non-linear correlation structure of the market.

Suggested Citation

  • Seyfi, Seyed Mohammad Sina & Sharifi, Azin & Arian, Hamidreza, 2021. "Portfolio Value-at-Risk and expected-shortfall using an efficient simulation approach based on Gaussian Mixture Model," Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (MATCOM), Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 1056-1079.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:matcom:v:190:y:2021:i:c:p:1056-1079
    DOI: 10.1016/j.matcom.2021.05.029
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378475421002007
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.matcom.2021.05.029?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Kon, Stanley J, 1984. "Models of Stock Returns-A Comparison," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 39(1), pages 147-165, March.
    2. Takahashi, Shuntaro & Chen, Yu & Tanaka-Ishii, Kumiko, 2019. "Modeling financial time-series with generative adversarial networks," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 527(C).
    3. Dolores Furió & Francisco J. Climent, 2013. "Extreme value theory versus traditional GARCH approaches applied to financial data: a comparative evaluation," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 13(1), pages 45-63, January.
    4. Jun Pan & Darrell Duffie, 2001. "Analytical value-at-risk with jumps and credit risk," Finance and Stochastics, Springer, vol. 5(2), pages 155-180.
    5. Meng, Xiaochun & Taylor, James W., 2018. "An approximate long-memory range-based approach for value at risk estimation," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 34(3), pages 377-388.
    6. Paul Glasserman & Philip Heidelberger & Perwez Shahabuddin, 2002. "Portfolio Value‐at‐Risk with Heavy‐Tailed Risk Factors," Mathematical Finance, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 12(3), pages 239-269, July.
    7. Danielsson, Jon & James, Kevin R. & Valenzuela, Marcela & Zer, Ilknur, 2016. "Model risk of risk models," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 23(C), pages 79-91.
    8. Martens, Martin & van Dijk, Dick & de Pooter, Michiel, 2009. "Forecasting S&P 500 volatility: Long memory, level shifts, leverage effects, day-of-the-week seasonality, and macroeconomic announcements," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 25(2), pages 282-303.
    9. Robert F. Engle & Simone Manganelli, 2004. "CAViaR: Conditional Autoregressive Value at Risk by Regression Quantiles," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 22, pages 367-381, October.
    10. Jose A. Lopez, 1999. "Methods for evaluating value-at-risk estimates," Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, pages 3-17.
    11. Engle, Robert F & Sheppard, Kevin K, 2001. "Theoretical and Empirical Properties of Dynamic Conditional Correlation Multivariate GARCH," University of California at San Diego, Economics Working Paper Series qt5s2218dp, Department of Economics, UC San Diego.
    12. Christoffersen, Peter F, 1998. "Evaluating Interval Forecasts," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 39(4), pages 841-862, November.
    13. Chen, Cathy W.S. & Gerlach, Richard & Hwang, Bruce B.K. & McAleer, Michael, 2012. "Forecasting Value-at-Risk using nonlinear regression quantiles and the intra-day range," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 28(3), pages 557-574.
    14. Nathaniel Frank, 2009. "Linkages between asset classes during the financial crisis, accounting for market microstructure noise and non-synchronous trading," Economics Papers 2009-W04, Economics Group, Nuffield College, University of Oxford.
    15. Rossignolo, Adrian F. & Fethi, Meryem Duygun & Shaban, Mohamed, 2012. "Value-at-Risk models and Basel capital charges," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 8(4), pages 303-319.
    16. Merton, Robert C, 1973. "An Intertemporal Capital Asset Pricing Model," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 41(5), pages 867-887, September.
    17. Aït-Sahalia, Yacine & Xiu, Dacheng, 2016. "Increased correlation among asset classes: Are volatility or jumps to blame, or both?," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 194(2), pages 205-219.
    18. Mark Britten-Jones & Stephen M. Schaefer, 1999. "Non-Linear Value-at-Risk," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 2(2), pages 161-187.
    19. Black, Fischer & Scholes, Myron S, 1973. "The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 81(3), pages 637-654, May-June.
    20. Fuertes, Ana-Maria & Olmo, Jose, 2013. "Optimally harnessing inter-day and intra-day information for daily value-at-risk prediction," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 29(1), pages 28-42.
    21. Peng, Wei & Hu, Shichao & Chen, Wang & Zeng, Yu-feng & Yang, Lu, 2019. "Modeling the joint dynamic value at risk of the volatility index, oil price, and exchange rate," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 137-149.
    22. Andrea Morone, 2008. "Financial markets in the laboratory: an experimental analysis of some stylized facts," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 8(5), pages 513-532.
    23. Stoyanov, Stoyan V. & Rachev, Svetlozar T. & Racheva-Iotova, Boryana & Fabozzi, Frank J., 2011. "Fat-tailed models for risk estimation," Working Paper Series in Economics 30, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Economics and Management.
    24. Wang, Zhiwen & Shen, Chen & Liu, Feng, 2018. "A conditional model of wind power forecast errors and its application in scenario generation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 771-785.
    25. Filippo Curti & Ibrahim Ergen & Minh Le & Marco Migueis & Rob T. Stewart, 2016. "Benchmarking Operational Risk Models," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2016-070, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Marta Małecka & Radosław Pietrzyk, 2024. "A spectral approach to evaluating VaR forecasts: stock market evidence from the subprime mortgage crisis, through COVID-19, to the Russo–Ukrainian war," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 58(5), pages 4533-4567, October.
    2. Zhou, Jinwei & Luo, Qi, 2024. "Influence factor studies based on ensemble learning on the innovation performance of technology mergers and acquisitions," Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (MATCOM), Elsevier, vol. 222(C), pages 67-89.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Seyed Mohammad Sina Seyfi & Azin Sharifi & Hamidreza Arian, 2020. "Portfolio Risk Measurement Using a Mixture Simulation Approach," Papers 2011.07994, arXiv.org.
    2. Arian, Hamid & Moghimi, Mehrdad & Tabatabaei, Ehsan & Zamani, Shiva, 2022. "Encoded Value-at-Risk: A machine learning approach for portfolio risk measurement," Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (MATCOM), Elsevier, vol. 202(C), pages 500-525.
    3. Louzis, Dimitrios P. & Xanthopoulos-Sisinis, Spyros & Refenes, Apostolos P., 2014. "Realized volatility models and alternative Value-at-Risk prediction strategies," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 101-116.
    4. Nieto, Maria Rosa & Ruiz, Esther, 2016. "Frontiers in VaR forecasting and backtesting," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 32(2), pages 475-501.
    5. Denisa Banulescu-Radu & Christophe Hurlin & Jérémy Leymarie & Olivier Scaillet, 2021. "Backtesting Marginal Expected Shortfall and Related Systemic Risk Measures," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(9), pages 5730-5754, September.
    6. Boucher, Christophe M. & Daníelsson, Jón & Kouontchou, Patrick S. & Maillet, Bertrand B., 2014. "Risk models-at-risk," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 72-92.
    7. Bayer, Sebastian, 2018. "Combining Value-at-Risk forecasts using penalized quantile regressions," Econometrics and Statistics, Elsevier, vol. 8(C), pages 56-77.
    8. Louzis, Dimitrios P. & Xanthopoulos-Sisinis, Spyros & Refenes, Apostolos P., 2011. "Are realized volatility models good candidates for alternative Value at Risk prediction strategies?," MPRA Paper 30364, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    9. Slim, Skander & Dahmene, Meriam & Boughrara, Adel, 2020. "How informative are variance risk premium and implied volatility for Value-at-Risk prediction? International evidence," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 22-37.
    10. Samuel N. Cohen & Christoph Reisinger & Sheng Wang, 2022. "Estimating risks of option books using neural-SDE market models," Papers 2202.07148, arXiv.org.
    11. Torben G. Andersen & Tim Bollerslev & Peter F. Christoffersen & Francis X. Diebold, 2005. "Volatility Forecasting," PIER Working Paper Archive 05-011, Penn Institute for Economic Research, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania.
    12. Hamidreza Arian & Hossein Poorvasei & Azin Sharifi & Shiva Zamani, 2020. "The Uncertain Shape of Grey Swans: Extreme Value Theory with Uncertain Threshold," Papers 2011.06693, arXiv.org.
    13. Fei, Fei & Fuertes, Ana-Maria & Kalotychou, Elena, 2017. "Dependence in credit default swap and equity markets: Dynamic copula with Markov-switching," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 33(3), pages 662-678.
    14. Meng, Xiaochun & Taylor, James W., 2018. "An approximate long-memory range-based approach for value at risk estimation," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 34(3), pages 377-388.
    15. Andersen, Torben G. & Bollerslev, Tim & Christoffersen, Peter F. & Diebold, Francis X., 2006. "Volatility and Correlation Forecasting," Handbook of Economic Forecasting, in: G. Elliott & C. Granger & A. Timmermann (ed.), Handbook of Economic Forecasting, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 15, pages 777-878, Elsevier.
    16. Smile Dube, 2019. "GARCH Modelling of Conditional Correlations and Volatility of Exchange rates in BRICS Countries," Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, SCIENPRESS Ltd, vol. 9(1), pages 1-7.
    17. Dinghai Xu & Tony S. Wirjanto, 2008. "An Empirical Characteristic Function Approach to VaR under a Mixture of Normal Distribution with Time-Varying Volatility," Working Papers 08008, University of Waterloo, Department of Economics.
    18. Lin, Edward M.H. & Sun, Edward W. & Yu, Min-Teh, 2020. "Behavioral data-driven analysis with Bayesian method for risk management of financial services," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).
    19. Lazar, Emese & Zhang, Ning, 2019. "Model risk of expected shortfall," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 74-93.
    20. Gaglianone, Wagner Piazza & Lima, Luiz Renato & Linton, Oliver & Smith, Daniel R., 2011. "Evaluating Value-at-Risk Models via Quantile Regression," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 29(1), pages 150-160.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:matcom:v:190:y:2021:i:c:p:1056-1079. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/mathematics-and-computers-in-simulation/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.