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Dairy farmers' strategies in four European countries before and after abolition of the milk quota

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  • Klopčič, Marija
  • Kuipers, Abele
  • Malak-Rawlikowska, Agata
  • Stalgiene, Aldona
  • Ule, Anita
  • Erjavec, Karmen

Abstract

In recent years, the European Union (EU) dairy sector has experienced considerable changes, triggering heavily fluctuating milk prices and a crash in milk prices in 2015/2016. These changes were forcing dairy farmers to respond by reconsidering their strategy. Since there is a lack of insight into how farmers were adjusting their strategies to the new circumstances, this study aimed to fill the gap by conducting a survey on farmers’ development plans in three Central and Eastern European countries (Poland, Lithuania and Slovenia) with different farming systems and one Western European country with a well-developed dairy sector (the Netherlands) before (2010 and 2013) and one year after the EU milk quota was abolished (2016). Groups of farmers with similar strategies were identified using principle component analysis and cluster analysis. Differences in strategies between years and countries were studied. The results reveal three main strategies in the analysed years: expansion, specialisation, and wait and see. Six farmer clusters were then identified. The cluster of Growers was largest, corresponding to the strategies of expansion and specialisation in dairy production. The share of Growers was increasing in Poland and the Netherlands and falling in Lithuania and Slovenia, probably due to the strong market orientation and good dairy production conditions in the aforementioned countries. The share of farmers in the Wait and See cluster grew significantly from 2013 to 2016 in all countries. These farmers considered the economic environment as too uncertain for further development at the time. The share of Diversifiers was rather stable within each country over the years. The share of Chain integrators, namely those who look for cooperation with other parties in the chain, was larger in good years and the share of Co-operators, who prefer to cooperate with other farmers, was larger in difficult market times. The cluster of Movers had the largest farms. On average, larger farms with somewhat younger farmers opted for growth, chain integration or moving and somewhat older farmers with smaller farms for a (temporary) stand-still. But considerable differences in the number of farmers per cluster over the years were found. Less than half the farmers were consistent in their development direction after 3 years, due to fluctuating prices and changing policies. Wait and See farmers were the most consistent. Policymakers and advisory services should consider farm strategies according to national specificities. Most farmers follow a strategy of expansion, while a smaller group of them were more concerned and act cautiously in a difficult market or policy situation. However, many farmers appeared to change their opinion on the self-chosen direction from time to time due to the varying circumstances. This instability in strategy choice makes future decision-making a fluid matter and not really consistent with well-designed planning.

Suggested Citation

  • Klopčič, Marija & Kuipers, Abele & Malak-Rawlikowska, Agata & Stalgiene, Aldona & Ule, Anita & Erjavec, Karmen, 2019. "Dairy farmers' strategies in four European countries before and after abolition of the milk quota," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:lauspo:v:88:y:2019:i:c:s0264837718319598
    DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104169
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    1. repec:kap:iaecre:v:14:y:2008:i:4:p:381-394 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Kuipers, Abele & Malak-Rawlikowska, Agata & Stalgiene, Aldona & Klopčič, Marija, 2017. "Analysis of Stakeholders’ Expectations for Dairy Sector Development Strategies from a Central Eastern and Western European Perspective," German Journal of Agricultural Economics, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Department for Agricultural Economics, vol. 66(4), December.
    3. Ondersteijn, C. J. M. & Giesen, G. W. J. & Huirne, R. B. M., 2003. "Identification of farmer characteristics and farm strategies explaining changes in environmental management and environmental and economic performance of dairy farms," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 78(1), pages 31-55, October.
    4. Ramirez, Matias & Bernal, Paloma & Clarke, Ian & Hernandez, Ivan, 2018. "The role of social networks in the inclusion of small-scale producers in agri-food developing clusters," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 59-70.
    5. Andrew Barnes & Luiza Toma, 2012. "A typology of dairy farmer perceptions towards climate change," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 112(2), pages 507-522, May.
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    2. Marija Klopčič & Karmen Erjavec & Megan Waldrop & Jutta Roosen & Petra Engel & Paul Galama & Abele Kuipers, 2021. "Consumers’ and Farmers’ Perceptions in Europe Regarding the Use of Composted Bedding Material from Cattle," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-18, May.
    3. Nataliia Riabinina, 2024. "Consideration of obstacles to the development of the dairy industry of Ukraine on the way to European integration," Technology audit and production reserves, PC TECHNOLOGY CENTER, vol. 4(4(78)), pages 31-37, July.
    4. Lukáš Čechura & Zdeňka Žáková Kroupová & Irena Benešová, 2021. "Productivity and Efficiency in European Milk Production: Can We Observe the Effects of Abolishing Milk Quotas?," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-21, August.
    5. Maria Zuba-Ciszewska & Aleksandra Kowalska & Aneta Brodziak & Louise Manning, 2023. "Organic Milk Production Sector in Poland: Driving the Potential to Meet Future Market, Societal and Environmental Challenges," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-21, June.
    6. Jasper Grashuis, 2021. "A price premium for the farmer‐owned label? A choice experiment with milk consumers in the Netherlands," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 37(4), pages 749-763, October.
    7. Garcia, Luis & Laepple, Doris & Dillon, Emma & Thorne, Fiona, 2020. "The role of hired labor in transient and persistent technical efficiency on Irish dairy farms," 2020 Annual Meeting, July 26-28, Kansas City, Missouri 304395, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.

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