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After legalization: Cannabis, environmental compliance, and agricultural futures

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Listed:
  • Polson, Michael
  • Bodwitch, Hekia
  • Biber, Eric
  • Butsic, Van
  • Grantham, Theodore

Abstract

As the largest polity worldwide to legalize cannabis, California has implemented uniquely high environmental and land use standards for cannabis agriculture. To date, however, regulations have suffered from low compliance rates, especially among smaller, “legacy” farms that existed prior to legalization. Meanwhile, both licensed and unlicensed farms are increasing in size, thus increasing environmental pressures. Is there a way to achieve environmental objectives, farmer compliance, and an equitable transition away from illegal markets? In the largest US survey of cannabis farmers to date, we found farmers are open to strong environmental protections yet face significant barriers in meeting regulatory requirements. We present this opinion article to suggest several strategies to ameliorate compliance barriers by reducing associated learning, financial, and psychological costs. Taken together, these strategies present an unprecedented opportunity to model a new kind of agriculture centered on small-farm production and environmental stewardship—a model that indicates new directions for agriculture beyond cannabis.

Suggested Citation

  • Polson, Michael & Bodwitch, Hekia & Biber, Eric & Butsic, Van & Grantham, Theodore, 2023. "After legalization: Cannabis, environmental compliance, and agricultural futures," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:lauspo:v:126:y:2023:i:c:s0264837722005580
    DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106531
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dillis, Christopher & Biber, Eric & Bodwitch, Hekia & Butsic, Van & Carah, Jennifer & Parker-Shames, Phoebe & Polson, Michael & Grantham, Theodore, 2021. "Shifting geographies of legal cannabis production in California," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 105(C).
    2. Markelova, Helen & Meinzen-Dick, Ruth & Hellin, Jon & Dohrn, Stephan, 2009. "Collective action for smallholder market access," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 1-7, February.
    3. Klassen, Mark & Anthony, Brandon P., 2019. "The effects of recreational cannabis legalization on forest management and conservation efforts in U.S. national forests in the Pacific Northwest," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 39-48.
    4. Butsic, Van & Schwab, Benjamin & Baumann, Matthias & Brenner, Jacob C., 2017. "Inside the Emerald Triangle: Modeling the Placement and Size of Cannabis Production in Humboldt County, CA USA," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 70-80.
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