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Non-compliance and non-enforcement: An unexpected outcome of flexible soft densification policy in the Netherlands

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  • Bouwmeester, Josje
  • Gerber, Jean-David
  • Hartmann, Thomas
  • Ay, Deniz

Abstract

In many urban areas, governments are struggling to curb urban sprawl while simultaneously trying to keep up with growing pressures on the housing market. As a result, housing developments increasingly take place within the existing housing stock through soft densification in the form of subdivisions. Municipalities aim to regulate this type of densification because of growing pressure on existing infrastructure, neighborhood cohesion, and (rental) prices. This contribution looks at the city of Utrecht in the Netherlands as a case study, where small-scale private investors increasingly bought up owner-occupied homes to subdivide into rental homes. As a result, the executive council of the municipality introduced new subdivision regulations in 2016. It explores how the interests of the investors influenced the negotiations that took place during the policy formulation and implementation phases. Using a neo-institutionalist approach, we found that policy negotiations gave rise to an increased number of flexible rules on subdivisions, allowing municipal authorities to make decisions on a case-by-case basis. While official subdivisions have reduced drastically as a result of the new policy, investors have moved towards other less regulated opportunities or even illegal subdivisions. These findings highlight that while flexible implementation may provide more steering capacity for municipalities, it may also lead to non-compliance as an unexpected byproduct.

Suggested Citation

  • Bouwmeester, Josje & Gerber, Jean-David & Hartmann, Thomas & Ay, Deniz, 2023. "Non-compliance and non-enforcement: An unexpected outcome of flexible soft densification policy in the Netherlands," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:lauspo:v:126:y:2023:i:c:s026483772200552x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106525
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Bouwmeester, Josje & Hartmann, Thomas & Ay, Deniz & Gerber, Jean-David, 2024. "Making room for affordable housing: Project-based negotiations between planning authorities and landowners in Dutch and Swiss densification," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    2. Vera Götze & Josje Anna Bouwmeester & Mathias Jehling, 2024. "For whom do we densify? Explaining income variation across densification projects in the region of Utrecht, the Netherlands," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 61(7), pages 1273-1290, May.

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