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Understanding farm-level cognition of and autonomous adaptation to climate variability and associated factors: Evidence from the rice-growing zone of Pakistan

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  • Khan, Nasir Abbas
  • Qiao, Jiamei
  • Abid, Muhammad
  • Gao, Qijie

Abstract

This study was conducted in the rice-growing zone of Punjab province, where rice production is affected by climate variabilities. The study aimed to assess farmers' perception of and adaptation to climate variability and its associated factors. Cross-sectional data of 480 rice growers was collected from the four rice-growing districts in Punjab using a multi-stage sampling approach. A multivariate probit model is used to analyze the determinants of farmers' adaptation decisions, and an ordered probit model is employed to estimate the factors affecting adaptation intensity. We find that farmers perceived significant changes in local climate, i.e., increase in summer temperature, decrease in summer rainfall, and changing pattern of rainfall and winter cropping season. Rice growers applied supplementary irrigation, changed rice cultivation dates, considered fertilizer management and crop diversification, and changed crop varieties as adaptation strategies to cope with climatic variability. The results of the multivariate probit model indicate farmers' age, farm size, availability of water resources, livestock ownership, off-farm income, and access to farm advisory services, credit, and climate information as significant determinants of adaptation strategies. The ordered probit model shows a positive and significant effect of farmers' education level and availability of irrigation water, farm labor, credit, farm advisory services, and climate information on adaptation intensity. The findings identify lack of water resources, financial constraints, and limited advisory services as key barriers to adaptation. This study suggests that the government should adopt a proactive approach to support farming communities to adapt to climate variability through improved access to water resources, advisory services, and credit services.

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  • Khan, Nasir Abbas & Qiao, Jiamei & Abid, Muhammad & Gao, Qijie, 2021. "Understanding farm-level cognition of and autonomous adaptation to climate variability and associated factors: Evidence from the rice-growing zone of Pakistan," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 105(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:lauspo:v:105:y:2021:i:c:s0264837721001502
    DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105427
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    Cited by:

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    2. Sheikh, Asjad Tariq & Chaudhary, Ashok Kumar & Mufti, Samaa & Davies, Stephen & Rola-Rubzen, Maria Fay, 2024. "Soil fertility in mixed crop-livestock farming systems of Punjab, Pakistan: The role of institutional factors and sustainable land management practices," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 218(C).
    3. Van Touch & Rebecca Cross & Clemens Grünbühel & Floris Ogtrop & Peter Ampt & Try Yorn & Robert John Martin & Brian R. Cook & Daniel K. Y. Tan, 2024. "Adaptation constraints and prospects for future research priorities in lowland rice-based farming systems: learning experiences from Northwest Cambodia," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(9), pages 22555-22586, September.
    4. Chimango Nyasulu & Awa Diattara & Assitan Traore & Abdoulaye Deme & Cheikh Ba, 2022. "Towards Resilient Agriculture to Hostile Climate Change in the Sahel Region: A Case Study of Machine Learning-Based Weather Prediction in Senegal," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-23, September.
    5. Nasir Abbas Khan & Ashfaq Ahmad Shah & Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq & Ataharul Chowdhury & Uttam Khanal, 2022. "Impact of Farmers’ Climate Risk Perception and Socio-Economic Attributes on Their Choice of ICT-Based Agricultural Information Services: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-19, August.

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