Climate change and shareholder value: Evidence from textual analysis and Trump’s unexpected victory
Author
Abstract
Suggested Citation
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114728
Download full text from publisher
As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.
References listed on IDEAS
- Jeff L. McMullin & Bryce Schonberger, 2020. "Entropy-balanced accruals," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 25(1), pages 84-119, March.
- Hainmueller, Jens, 2012. "Entropy Balancing for Causal Effects: A Multivariate Reweighting Method to Produce Balanced Samples in Observational Studies," Political Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 20(1), pages 25-46, January.
- Refk Selmi & Jamal Bouoiyour, 2020.
"The financial costs of political uncertainty: Evidence from the 2016 US presidential elections,"
Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Scottish Economic Society, vol. 67(2), pages 166-185, May.
- Refk Selmi & Jamal Bouoiyour, 2019. "The financial costs of political uncertainty: Evidence from the 2016 US presidential elections," Post-Print hal-02408908, HAL.
- Emily Oster, 2019. "Unobservable Selection and Coefficient Stability: Theory and Evidence," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(2), pages 187-204, April.
- Belo, Frederico & Gala, Vito D. & Li, Jun, 2013. "Government spending, political cycles, and the cross section of stock returns," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 107(2), pages 305-324.
- Kyle Handley & Nuno Limão, 2018.
"Trade and Investment under Policy Uncertainty: Theory and Firm Evidence,"
World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Policy Externalities and International Trade Agreements, chapter 4, pages 89-122,
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
- Kyle Handley & Nuno Limão, 2015. "Trade and Investment under Policy Uncertainty: Theory and Firm Evidence," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, vol. 7(4), pages 189-222, November.
- Limão, Nuno & Handley, Kyle, 2012. "Trade and Investment under Policy Uncertainty: Theory and Firm Evidence," CEPR Discussion Papers 8798, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Kyle Handley & Nuno Limão, 2012. "Trade and Investment under Policy Uncertainty: Theory and Firm Evidence," NBER Working Papers 17790, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Robert F Engle & Stefano Giglio & Bryan Kelly & Heebum Lee & Johannes Stroebel, 2020.
"Hedging Climate Change News,"
The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 33(3), pages 1184-1216.
- Ströbel, Johannes & Engle, Robert & Giglio, Stefano & Kelly, Bryan & Lee, Heebum, 2019. "Hedging Climate Change News," CEPR Discussion Papers 13730, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Robert F. Engle III & Stefano Giglio & Bryan T. Kelly & Heebum Lee & Johannes Stroebel, 2019. "Hedging Climate Change News," NBER Working Papers 25734, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Robert Engle & Stefano Giglio & Heebum Lee & Bryan Kelly & Johannes Stroebel, 2019. "Hedging climate change news," CESifo Working Paper Series 7655, CESifo.
- Scott R. Baker & Nicholas Bloom & Steven J. Davis, 2016.
"Measuring Economic Policy Uncertainty,"
The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 131(4), pages 1593-1636.
- Scott R. Baker & Nicholas Bloom & Steven J. Davis, 2015. "Measuring Economic Policy Uncertainty," Economics Working Papers 15111, Hoover Institution, Stanford University.
- Scott R. Baker & Nicholas Bloom & Steven J. Davis, 2015. "Measuring Economic Policy Uncertainty," NBER Working Papers 21633, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Scott R. Baker & Nicholas Bloom & Steven J. Davis, 2015. "Measuring Economic Policy Uncertainty," CEP Discussion Papers dp1379, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
- Baker, Scott R. & Bloom, Nicholas & Davis, Steven J., 2015. "Measuring economic policy uncertainty," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 64986, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- Davis, Steven & Bloom, Nicholas & Baker, Scott, 2015. "Measuring Economic Policy Uncertainty," CEPR Discussion Papers 10900, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Stefano Ramelli & Alexander F Wagner & Richard J Zeckhauser & Alexandre Ziegler, 2021.
"Investor Rewards to Climate Responsibility: Stock-Price Responses to the Opposite Shocks of the 2016 and 2020 U.S. Elections [Asset pricing with liquidity risk],"
The Review of Corporate Finance Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 10(4), pages 748-787.
- Wagner, Alexander F. & Ramelli, Stefano & Zeckhauser, Richard & Ziegler, Alexandre, 2018. "Investor Rewards to Climate Responsibility: Stock-Price Responses to the Opposite Shocks of the 2016 and 2020 U.S. Elections," CEPR Discussion Papers 13206, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Ralph S. J. Koijen & Tomas J. Philipson & Harald Uhlig, 2016.
"Financial Health Economics,"
Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 84, pages 195-242, January.
- Ralph Koijen & Tomas Philipson & Harald Uhlig, 2014. "Financial Health Economics," NBER Working Papers 20075, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Eisenbach, Thomas M. & Schmalz, Martin C., 2016.
"Anxiety in the face of risk,"
Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 121(2), pages 414-426.
- Thomas M. Eisenbach & Martin C. Schmalz, 2011. "Anxiety in the Face of Risk," Working Papers 1371, Princeton University, Department of Economics, Econometric Research Program..
- Thomas M. Eisenbach & Martin C. Schmalz, 2013. "Anxiety in the face of risk," Staff Reports 610, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
- Tarek A Hassan & Stephan Hollander & Laurence van Lent & Ahmed Tahoun, 2019.
"Firm-Level Political Risk: Measurement and Effects,"
The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 134(4), pages 2135-2202.
- Hassan, Tarek & Hollander, Stephan & van Lent, Laurence & Tahoun, Ahmed, 2017. "Firm-level political risk: Measurement and effects," CEPR Discussion Papers 12436, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Tarek A. Hassan & Stephan Hollander & Laurence van Lent & Ahmed Tahoun, 2019. "Firm-Level Political Risk: Measurement and Effects," Boston University - Department of Economics - The Institute for Economic Development Working Papers Series dp-325, Boston University - Department of Economics.
- Tarek A. Hassan & Stephan Hollander & Laurence van Lent & Ahmed Tahoun, 2019. "Firm-Level Political Risk: Measurement and Effects," Working Papers Series 96, Institute for New Economic Thinking.
- Tarek A. Hassan & Stephan Hollander & Laurence van Lent & Ahmed Tahoun, 2017. "Firm-Level Political Risk: Measurement and Effects," NBER Working Papers 24029, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Chintrakarn, Pandej & Jiraporn, Pornsit & Tong, Shenghui & Chatjuthamard, Pattanaporn, 2015. "Estimating the effect of entrenched boards on firm value using geographic identification," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 12(C), pages 109-116.
- Pornsit Jiraporn & Napatsorn Jiraporn & Adisak Boeprasert & Kiyoung Chang, 2014. "Does Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Improve Credit Ratings? Evidence from Geographic Identification," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 43(3), pages 505-531, September.
- Alberto Alesina & Silvia Ardagna & Giuseppe Nicoletti & Fabio Schiantarelli, 2005.
"Regulation And Investment,"
Journal of the European Economic Association, MIT Press, vol. 3(4), pages 791-825, June.
- Alberto Alesina & Silvia Ardagna & Giuseppe Nicoletti & Fabio Schiantarelli, 2002. "Regulation and Investment," Boston College Working Papers in Economics 549, Boston College Department of Economics.
- Nicoletti, Giuseppe & Ardagna, Silvia & Alesina, Alberto & Schiantarelli, Fabio, 2005. "Regulation and Investment," Scholarly Articles 2579825, Harvard University Department of Economics.
- Alesina, Alberto & Schiantarelli, Fabio & Ardagna, Silvia & Nicoletti, Giorgio, 2003. "Regulation and Investment," CEPR Discussion Papers 3851, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Alberto Alesina & Silvia Ardagna & Giuseppe Nicoletti & Fabio Schiantarelli, 2003. "Regulation and Investment," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 352, OECD Publishing.
- Alberto Alesina & Silvia Ardagna & Giuseppe Nicoletti & Fabio Schiantarelli, 2003. "Regulation and Investment," NBER Working Papers 9560, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Habib, Ahsan & Hasan, Mostafa Monzur, 2019. "Corporate life cycle research in accounting, finance and corporate governance: A survey, and directions for future research," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 188-201.
- R. Glenn Hubbard, 1998.
"Capital-Market Imperfections and Investment,"
Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 36(1), pages 193-225, March.
- R. Glenn Hubbard, 1997. "Capital-Market Imperfections and Investment," NBER Working Papers 5996, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- DeAngelo, Harry & DeAngelo, Linda & Stulz, Rene M., 2006. "Dividend policy and the earned/contributed capital mix: a test of the life-cycle theory," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(2), pages 227-254, August.
- Hsu, Audrey Wen-hsin & Wang, Tawei, 2013. "Does the market value corporate response to climate change?," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 41(2), pages 195-206.
- Tim Loughran & Bill McDonald, 2020. "Textual Analysis in Finance," Annual Review of Financial Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 12(1), pages 357-375, December.
- Michael Siemer & Adrien Verdelhan & Francois Gourio, 2015. "Uncertainty and International Capital Flows," 2015 Meeting Papers 880, Society for Economic Dynamics.
- Wagner, Alexander F. & Zeckhauser, Richard J. & Ziegler, Alexandre, 2018. "Company stock price reactions to the 2016 election shock: Trump, taxes, and trade," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 130(2), pages 428-451.
- Easterbrook, Frank H, 1984. "Two Agency-Cost Explanations of Dividends," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 74(4), pages 650-659, September.
- Millon-Cornett, Marcia H. & Tehranian, Hassan, 1989. "Stock market reactions to the depository institutions deregulation and monetary control act of 1980," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 13(1), pages 81-100, March.
- Balogh, Attila & Creedy, Usha & Wright, Danika, 2022. "Time to acquire: Regulatory burden and M&A activity," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
- Huynh, Thanh D. & Xia, Ying, 2021. "Climate Change News Risk and Corporate Bond Returns," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 56(6), pages 1985-2009, September.
- Christian Engau & Volker Hoffmann, 2011. "Corporate response strategies to regulatory uncertainty: evidence from uncertainty about post-Kyoto regulation," Policy Sciences, Springer;Society of Policy Sciences, vol. 44(1), pages 53-80, March.
- Bryan Kelly & Ľuboš Pástor & Pietro Veronesi, 2016.
"The Price of Political Uncertainty: Theory and Evidence from the Option Market,"
Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 71(5), pages 2417-2480, October.
- Veronesi, Pietro & Pástor, Luboš & Kelly, Bryan, 2014. "The Price of Political Uncertainty: Theory and Evidence from the Option Market," CEPR Discussion Papers 9822, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Bryan Kelly & Lubos Pastor & Pietro Veronesi, 2014. "The Price of Political Uncertainty: Theory and Evidence from the Option Market," NBER Working Papers 19812, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Javadi, Siamak & Masum, Abdullah-Al, 2021. "The impact of climate change on the cost of bank loans," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
- Jensen, Michael C. & Meckling, William H., 1976. "Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 3(4), pages 305-360, October.
- Darwin Choi & Zhenyu Gao & Wenxi Jiang, 2020. "Attention to Global Warming," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 33(3), pages 1112-1145.
- Odou, Philippe & Schill, Marie, 2020. "How anticipated emotions shape behavioral intentions to fight climate change," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 243-253.
- Sudheer Chava, 2014. "Environmental Externalities and Cost of Capital," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 60(9), pages 2223-2247, September.
- Gabriele Pellegrino, 2018. "Barriers to innovation in young and mature firms," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, vol. 28(1), pages 181-206, January.
- Ramnath, Sundaresh & Rock, Steve & Shane, Philip, 2008. "The financial analyst forecasting literature: A taxonomy with suggestions for further research," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 24(1), pages 34-75.
- Bernstein, Asaf & Gustafson, Matthew T. & Lewis, Ryan, 2019. "Disaster on the horizon: The price effect of sea level rise," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 134(2), pages 253-272.
- Rebecca Henderson & George Serafeim, 2020. "Tackling Climate Change Requires Organizational Purpose," AEA Papers and Proceedings, American Economic Association, vol. 110, pages 177-180, May.
- Brown, Stephen J. & Warner, Jerold B., 1985. "Using daily stock returns : The case of event studies," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 3-31, March.
- Rashidi-Sabet, Siavash & Madhavaram, Sreedhar & Parvatiyar, Atul, 2022. "Strategic solutions for the climate change social dilemma: An integrative taxonomy, a systematic review, and research agenda," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 619-635.
- Petra Andries & Koenraad Debackere, 2007. "Adaptation and Performance in New Businesses: Understanding the Moderating Effects of Independence and Industry," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 29(1), pages 81-99, June.
- Philipp Krueger & Zacharias Sautner & Laura T Starks, 2020.
"The Importance of Climate Risks for Institutional Investors,"
The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 33(3), pages 1067-1111.
- Philipp Krueger & Zacharias Sautner & Laura T. Starks, 2018. "The Importance of Climate Risks for Institutional Investors," Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper Series 18-58, Swiss Finance Institute.
- Michael Barnett & William Brock & Lars Peter Hansen & Harrison Hong, 2020. "Pricing Uncertainty Induced by Climate Change," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 33(3), pages 1024-1066.
- Chatjuthamard, Pattanaporn & Ongsakul, Viput & Jiraporn, Pornsit, 2022. "Corporate complexity, managerial myopia, and hostile takeover exposure: Evidence from textual analysis," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 33(C).
- Giuliana Birindelli & Helen Chiappini, 2021. "Climate change policies: Good news or bad news for firms in the European Union?," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 28(2), pages 831-848, March.
- Sanford J. Grossman & Oliver D. Hart, 1980. "Takeover Bids, the Free-Rider Problem, and the Theory of the Corporation," Bell Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 11(1), pages 42-64, Spring.
- Ongsakul, Viput & Chatjuthamard, Pattanaporn & Jiraporn, Pornsit & Chaivisuttangkun, Sirithida, 2021. "Corporate integrity and hostile takeover threats: Evidence from machine learning and “CEO luck”," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(C).
- Tanakorn Likitapiwat & Sirimon Treepongkaruna & Pornsit Jiraporn & Ali Uyar, 2022. "Corporate Culture, Innovation, and Female Board Representation: Evidence from Earnings Conference Calls," Quarterly Journal of Finance (QJF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 12(04), pages 1-37, December.
Most related items
These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.- Chatjuthamard, Pattanaporn & Singh, Simran & Jiraporn, Pornsit & Lee, Sang Mook, 2024. "Climate change exposure, shareholder wealth, and the adoption of the Paris agreement: A text-based approach," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
- Ongsakul, Viput & Papangkorn, Suwongrat & Jiraporn, Pornsit, 2023. "Estimating the effect of climate change exposure on firm value using climate policy uncertainty: A text-based approach," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 40(C).
- Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard & Sirimon Treepongkaruna & Pornsit Jiraporn & Napatsorn Jiraporn, 2021. "Does firm‐level political risk influence corporate social responsibility (CSR)? Evidence from earnings conference calls," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 56(4), pages 721-741, November.
- Wongsinhirun, Nopparat & Chatjuthamard, Pattanaporn & Jiraporn, Pornsit, 2023. "Corporate culture and board gender diversity: Evidence from textual analysis," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
- Hossain, Ashrafee T. & Masum, Abdullah-Al, 2022. "Does corporate social responsibility help mitigate firm-level climate change risk?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 47(PB).
- Hossain, Ashrafee & Rjiba, Hatem & Zhang, Dongyang, 2023. "Ex-ante litigation risk and firm-level climate-change exposure," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 214(C), pages 731-746.
- Faccini, Renato & Matin, Rastin & Skiadopoulos, George, 2023. "Dissecting climate risks: Are they reflected in stock prices?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
- Michael Barnett, 2024. "A Run on Fossil Fuel? Climate Change and Transition Risk," Papers 2410.00902, arXiv.org.
- Chindasombatcharoen, Pongsapak & Chatjuthamard, Pattanaporn & Jiraporn, Pornsit, 2023. "Corporate culture, cultural diversification, and independent directors: Evidence from earnings conference calls," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(C).
- Gad, Mahmoud & Nikolaev, Valeri & Tahoun, Ahmed & van Lent, Laurence, 2024. "Firm-level political risk and credit markets," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 77(2).
- Lee H. Seltzer & Laura Starks & Qifei Zhu, 2022.
"Climate Regulatory Risk and Corporate Bonds,"
NBER Working Papers
29994, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Lee Seltzer & Laura Starks & Qifei Zhu, 2022. "Climate Regulatory Risks and Corporate Bonds," Staff Reports 1014, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
- Venturini, Alessio, 2022. "Climate change, risk factors and stock returns: A review of the literature," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
- Agoraki, Konstantina K. & Giaka, Maria & Konstantios, Dimitrios & Negkakis, Ioannis, 2024. "The relationship between firm-level climate change exposure, financial integration, cost of capital and investment efficiency," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
- Tarek A Hassan & Stephan Hollander & Laurence van Lent & Ahmed Tahoun, 2019.
"Firm-Level Political Risk: Measurement and Effects,"
The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 134(4), pages 2135-2202.
- Hassan, Tarek & Hollander, Stephan & van Lent, Laurence & Tahoun, Ahmed, 2017. "Firm-level political risk: Measurement and effects," CEPR Discussion Papers 12436, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Tarek A. Hassan & Stephan Hollander & Laurence van Lent & Ahmed Tahoun, 2019. "Firm-Level Political Risk: Measurement and Effects," Boston University - Department of Economics - The Institute for Economic Development Working Papers Series dp-325, Boston University - Department of Economics.
- Tarek A. Hassan & Stephan Hollander & Laurence van Lent & Ahmed Tahoun, 2017. "Firm-Level Political Risk: Measurement and Effects," NBER Working Papers 24029, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Tarek A. Hassan & Stephan Hollander & Laurence van Lent & Ahmed Tahoun, 2019. "Firm-Level Political Risk: Measurement and Effects," Working Papers Series 96, Institute for New Economic Thinking.
- Pástor, Ľuboš & Stambaugh, Robert F. & Taylor, Lucian A., 2022.
"Dissecting green returns,"
Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 146(2), pages 403-424.
- Lubos Pastor & Robert F. Stambaugh & Lucian A. Taylor, 2021. "Dissecting Green Returns," NBER Working Papers 28940, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Pástor, Luboš & Stambaugh, Robert F. & Taylor, Lucian, 2022. "Dissecting Green Returns," CEPR Discussion Papers 16260, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Ongsakul, Viput & Chatjuthamard, Pattanaporn & Jiraporn, Pornsit & Chaivisuttangkun, Sirithida, 2021. "Corporate integrity and hostile takeover threats: Evidence from machine learning and “CEO luck”," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(C).
- Treepongkaruna, Sirimon & Kyaw, Khine & Jiraporn, Pornsit, 2022. "Shareholder litigation rights and ESG controversies: A quasi-natural experiment," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
- Siamak Javadi & Abdullah‐Al Masum & Mohsen Aram & Ramesh P. Rao, 2023. "Climate change and corporate cash holdings: Global evidence," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 52(2), pages 253-295, June.
- Elsa Allman, 2022. "Pricing climate change risk in corporate bonds," Journal of Asset Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 23(7), pages 596-618, December.
- Bakkar, Yassine, 2023. "Climate Risk and Bank Capital Structure," QBS Working Paper Series 2023/04, Queen's University Belfast, Queen's Business School.
More about this item
Keywords
Climate change; Climate risk; Shareholder wealth; Event study; Textual analysis; Machine learning;All these keywords.
Statistics
Access and download statisticsCorrections
All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:jbrese:v:180:y:2024:i:c:s0148296324002327. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.
If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.
If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .
If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.
For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jbusres .
Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.