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Valuing and pricing IPOs

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  • Roosenboom, Peter

Abstract

This paper investigates how underwriters set the IPO firm’s fair value, an ex-ante estimate of the market value, using a unique dataset of 228 reports from French underwriters. These reports are issued before the IPO shares start trading on the stock market and detail how underwriters determined fair value. We document that underwriters often employ multiples valuation, dividend discount models and discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis to determine fair value but that all of these valuation methods suffer from a positive bias with respect to equilibrium market value. We also analyze how this fair value estimate is subsequently used as a basis for IPO pricing. We report that underwriters deliberately discount the fair value estimate when setting the preliminary offer price. Part of the intentional price discount can be recovered by higher price updates. We find that, controlling for other factors such as investor demand, part of underpricing stems from this intentional price discount.

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  • Roosenboom, Peter, 2012. "Valuing and pricing IPOs," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(6), pages 1653-1664.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jbfina:v:36:y:2012:i:6:p:1653-1664
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2012.01.009
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    Cited by:

    1. Abrahamson, Martin & De Ridder, Adri, 2015. "Allocation of shares to foreign and domestic investors: Firm and ownership characteristics in Swedish IPOs," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 52-65.
    2. Sureyya Burcu Avci, 2020. "Do Turkish IPOs Time the Market?," Bogazici Journal, Review of Social, Economic and Administrative Studies, Bogazici University, Department of Economics, vol. 34(2), pages 114-134.
    3. Haman, Janto & Chalmers, Keryn & Fang, Victor, 2017. "IPO lockups, long run returns, and growth opportunities," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 184-199.
    4. Ge, Yuanjing & Guo, Haifeng & Fung, Hung-Gay & Guang, Kuncheng, 2019. "CEO effects on the IPO market under different policy regimes: Evidence from the Chinese SME board," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 163-175.
    5. Cumming, Douglas & Köchling, Gerrit & Neukirchen, Daniel & Posch, Peter N., 2024. "How does corporate culture affect IPO price formation?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 163(C).
    6. Lokman Tutuncu, 2020. "Initial public offering price support, valuation, and returns," Eurasian Economic Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 10(2), pages 267-282, June.
    7. Olga Ferraro, 2021. "A Brief Overview of the IPO Valuation Methods," International Journal of Business and Management, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 15(12), pages 1-41, July.
    8. Elizabeth Blankespoor & Bradley E. Hendricks & Gregory S. Miller, 2017. "Perceptions and Price: Evidence from CEO Presentations at IPO Roadshows," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 55(2), pages 275-327, May.
    9. Abdul Rasheed & Muhammad Khalid Sohail & Shahab-Ud Din & Muhammad Ijaz, 2018. "How Do Investment Banks Price Initial Public Offerings? An Empirical Analysis of Emerging Market," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 6(3), pages 1-19, September.
    10. Lokman Tutuncu, 2020. "Lock-up provisions and valuation of Turkish IPOs," Eurasian Business Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 10(4), pages 587-608, December.
    11. Camilla Mazzoli & Claudia Pigini & Sabrina Severini, 2020. "Back to the Origins of the Initial Public Offerings Price Range: Underwriter-Funds Network and Information Production Timeline," International Journal of Economics and Finance, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 12(11), pages 1-91, November.
    12. Matteo Bonaventura & Giancarlo Giudici, 2017. "IPO valuation and profitability expectations: evidence from the Italian exchange," Eurasian Business Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 7(2), pages 247-266, August.
    13. Natalia Matanova & Tanja Steigner & Bingsheng Yi & Qiancheng Zheng, 2019. "Going concern opinions and IPO pricing accuracy," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 53(1), pages 195-238, July.
    14. Stefano Paleari & Andrea Signori & Silvio Vismara, 2014. "How Do Underwriters Select Peers When Valuing IPOs?," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 43(4), pages 731-755, December.
    15. Chuluun, Tuugi, 2015. "The role of underwriter peer networks in IPOs," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 62-78.
    16. Abrahamson, Martin, 2018. "Birds of a feather flock together: A study of new shareholders and Swedish IPOs," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 18(C), pages 1-17.
    17. Signori, Andrea, 2018. "Zero-revenue IPOs," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 106-121.
    18. Marco Cucculelli & Manuela Geranio & Camilla Mazzoli & Sabrina Severini, 2021. "IPO Pricing and Dealers’ Interaction: A Stochastic Frontier Approach," International Business Research, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 14(1), pages 1-1, January.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Initial public offerings; Valuation; Going public;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G24 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage
    • G32 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill

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