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Intra-cultural variation as another construct of international management: a study based on secondary data of 42 countries

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  • Au, Kevin Y.

Abstract

This study explores the properties of intra-cultural variation in an attempt to legitimize it as a cultural construct. Reanalyzing data from the World Value Survey showed that intra-cultural variations explain cultural differences as much as, if not more than, cultural means. Factor analysis on a sample of intra-cultural variations reveals that their factor structures are different from those of cultural means.

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  • Au, Kevin Y., 2000. "Intra-cultural variation as another construct of international management: a study based on secondary data of 42 countries," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 6(3), pages 217-238.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:intman:v:6:y:2000:i:3:p:217-238
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kevin Y Au, 1999. "Intra-cultural Variation: Evidence and Implications for International Business," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 30(4), pages 799-812, December.
    2. Ruut Veenhoven & Joop Ehrhardt, 1995. "The cross-national pattern of happiness: Test of predictions implied in three theories of happiness," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 34(1), pages 33-68, January.
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    1. Messner, Wolfgang, 2022. "Cultural Heterozygosity: Towards a New Measure of Within-Country Cultural Diversity," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 57(4).
    2. Cristina López-Duarte & Marta M. Vidal-Suárez & Belén González-Díaz, 2019. "Cross-national distance and international business: an analysis of the most influential recent models," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 121(1), pages 173-208, October.
    3. Jean-Luc Arregle & Francesco Chirico & Liena Kano & Sumit K. Kundu & Antonio Majocchi & William S. Schulze, 2021. "Family firm internationalization: Past research and an agenda for the future," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 52(6), pages 1159-1198, August.
    4. Oded Shenkar & Stephen B Tallman & Hao Wang & Jie Wu, 2022. "National culture and international business: A path forward," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 53(3), pages 516-533, April.
    5. Fatehi, Kamal & Kedia, Ben L. & Priestley, Jennifer L., 2015. "Mindscapes and individual heterogeneity within and between cultures," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 68(2), pages 291-298.
    6. Vecchi, Alessandra & Brennan, Louis, 2009. "A cultural perspective on innovation in international manufacturing," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 23(2), pages 181-192, June.
    7. Martin Mabunda Baluku & Julius Fred Kikooma & Edward Bantu & Peter Onderi & Kathleen Otto, 2019. "Impact of personal cultural orientations and cultural intelligence on subjective success in self-employment in multi-ethnic societies," Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, Springer;UNESCO Chair in Entrepreneurship, vol. 9(1), pages 1-22, December.
    8. Bachmann, Jan-Thomas & Engelen, Andreas & Schwens, Christian, 2016. "Toward a Better Understanding of the Association Between Strategic Planning and Entrepreneurial Orientation — The Moderating Role of National Culture," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 22(4), pages 297-315.
    9. David Ralston & Carolyn Egri & Olivier Furrer & Min-Hsun Kuo & Yongjuan Li & Florian Wangenheim & Marina Dabic & Irina Naoumova & Katsuhiko Shimizu & María Garza Carranza & Ping Fu & Vojko Potocan & A, 2014. "Societal-Level Versus Individual-Level Predictions of Ethical Behavior: A 48-Society Study of Collectivism and Individualism," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 122(2), pages 283-306, June.
    10. Roth, Kendall & Kostova, Tatiana & Dakhli, Mourad, 2011. "Exploring cultural misfit: Causes and consequences," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 20(1), pages 15-26, February.
    11. Ambos, Tina C. & Ambos, Björn & Schlegelmilch, Bodo B., 2006. "Learning from foreign subsidiaries: An empirical investigation of headquarters' benefits from reverse knowledge transfers," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 15(3), pages 294-312, June.
    12. Messner, Wolfgang, 2022. "Advancing our understanding of cultural heterogeneity with unsupervised machine learning," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 28(2).
    13. Vincenzo Alfano & Salvatore Ercolano, 2023. "Measuring Tight and Loose Cultures across NUTS-2 Regions: The Regional Index of Looseness," CESifo Working Paper Series 10731, CESifo.
    14. Moustafa Salman Haj Youssef & Ioannis Christodoulou, 2017. "Intra-Cultural Variation, Zone of Acceptance and Managerial Discretion: A Theoretical Discussion," Business and Management Research, Business and Management Research, Sciedu Press, vol. 6(1), pages 42-53, March.
    15. Tausch, Arno, 2015. "Hofstede, Inglehart and beyond. New directions in empirical global value research," MPRA Paper 64282, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 11 May 2015.
    16. Yuzhe Miao & Yuping Zeng & Jeoung Yul Lee, 2016. "Headquarters Resource Allocation for Inter-Subsidiary Innovation Transfer: The Effect of Within-Country and Cross-Country Cultural Differences," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 56(5), pages 665-698, October.
    17. Bernhard Swoboda & Cathrin Huber & Tassilo Schuster & Johannes Hirschmann, 2017. "Corporate Reputation Effects Across Nations: The Impact of Country Distances and Firm-Specific Resources," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 57(5), pages 717-748, October.

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