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Strengthening early literacy skills through social promotion policies? Intended and unintended consequences in Costa Rica

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  • Rodriguez-Segura, Daniel

Abstract

Social promotion policies (SPP) are often justified as allowing students to learn at their own pace while avoiding the consequences of grade repetition, particularly in settings where grade repetition is a pervasive feature of the educational system. The 2014 passing of a SPP for first graders in Costa Rica was designed to give students more time in a low-stakes environment to develop the basic literacy skills required for subsequent grades. Using a difference-in-differences approach and the universe of schools in Costa Rica from 2010 to 2017, I explore the downstream effects of the SPP on enrollment and grade repetition outcomes in later grades. I find that while the policy unsurprisingly lowered grade repetition for first graders, it also increased grade repetition rates for second and third graders by 77 % and 24 % respectively, likely due to the presence of students who did not reach the basic literacy standards, and yet passed as a result of the new policy. These negative, unintended consequences were mostly borne by school communities of low socioeconomic status. The paper calls for caution and coherence across grades in the design of SPP, along with better tailored policies for students at risk of repeating grades due to low achievement levels.

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  • Rodriguez-Segura, Daniel, 2020. "Strengthening early literacy skills through social promotion policies? Intended and unintended consequences in Costa Rica," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:injoed:v:77:y:2020:i:c:s0738059320304028
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2020.102243
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Karthik Muralidharan & Abhijeet Singh & Alejandro J. Ganimian, 2019. "Disrupting Education? Experimental Evidence on Technology-Aided Instruction in India," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 109(4), pages 1426-1460, April.
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    3. Marco Manacorda, 2012. "The Cost of Grade Retention," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 94(2), pages 596-606, May.
    4. André, Pierre, 2009. "Is grade repetition one of the causes of early school dropout? :Evidence from Senegalese primary schools," MPRA Paper 25665, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Peter Glick & David E. Sahn, 2010. "Early Academic Performance, Grade Repetition, and School Attainment in Senegal: A Panel Data Analysis," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 24(1), pages 93-120, January.
    6. Gomes-Neto, Joao Batista & Hanushek, Eric A, 1994. "Causes and Consequences of Grade Repetition: Evidence from Brazil," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 43(1), pages 117-148, October.
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    Cited by:

    1. Lechman, Ewa & Popowska, Magdalena, 2022. "Harnessing digital technologies for poverty reduction. Evidence for low-income and lower-middle income countries," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(6).
    2. Rodriguez-Segura, Daniel, 2022. "A closer look at reading comprehension: Experimental evidence from Guatemala," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).

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