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Examining self-directedness and its relationships with lifelong learning and earnings in Yunnan, Vietnam, Germany, and the United States

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  • Liu, Huacong
  • Fernandez, Frank
  • Grotlüschen, Anke

Abstract

This study provides an empirical analysis of the significance of self-directedness in learning in the labor market and further pursuit of education and training among adults in two high-income (Germany, U.S) and two middle-income countries (Vietnam, Yunnan China). We find substantial gaps in the self-directedness measures between low- and high-SES workers. Additionally, self-directedness in learning is rewarded in the labor market in Yunnan and Vietnam. Those who are motivated to learn and are resilient are more likely to pursue further learning opportunities in the high-income countries, as well as in Yunnan China where adult learning opportunities are severely lacking.

Suggested Citation

  • Liu, Huacong & Fernandez, Frank & Grotlüschen, Anke, 2019. "Examining self-directedness and its relationships with lifelong learning and earnings in Yunnan, Vietnam, Germany, and the United States," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 1-1.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:injoed:v:70:y:2019:i:c:17
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2019.102088
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Choi, Su Jung & Jeong, Jin Chul & Kim, Seoung Nam, 2019. "Impact of vocational education and training on adult skills and employment: An applied multilevel analysis," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 129-138.
    3. Xiaoyan Liang & Shuang Chen, 2013. "Developing Skills for Economic Transformation and Social Harmony in China : A Study of Yunnan Province," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 16197.
    4. David J. Deming, 2017. "The Growing Importance of Social Skills in the Labor Market," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 132(4), pages 1593-1640.
    5. Rolleston, Caine & Iyer, Padmini, 2019. "Beyond the basics: Access and equity in the expansion of post-compulsory schooling in Vietnam," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 223-233.
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    Cited by:

    1. Liu, Huacong & Fernandez, Frank & Dutz, Gregor, 2022. "Educational attainment, use of numeracy at work, and gender wage gaps: Evidence from 12 middle-income countries," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).

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