Evidence of the association between deadwood and forest recreational site choices

The level of biodiversity is in decline, also in forests. As more natural structures are known to safeguard biodiversity, changes in forest management, including higher amounts of deadwood, may help reverse the decline. However, this could lead to trade-offs between forest ecosystem services, and forest recreation might be negatively affected by the presence of more natural forest structures, especially deadwood. So far, only a few studies have investigated the influence of deadwood on recreation in larger forest areas and on a national or regional scale. To better understand the possible impact, we analysed how higher amounts and different forms of deadwood would affect site preferences for recreation employing an online survey based on a representative sample in Bavaria, Germany (N = 1462). A choice experiment comprising different forest alternatives with varying degrees of deadwood showed that the amount of deadwood does not influence respondents' choice of recreation sites. However, deadwood quality attributes, i.e. structural variety and advanced decomposition positively impacted site choices. Latent class models revealed both observed and unobserved taste heterogeneity. Deadwood was, however, not an essential attribute for the forest site-selection, while infrastructure facilities or good paths/accessibility were more important. The results show that no significant trade-offs between forest recreation and deadwood enrichment exist. At the same time, respondents showed solid preferences for improving habitats for rare and endangered species in forests, indicating that biodiversity is significant to them. As the preferences for a mixture of standing and lying structures also coincide with conservation ecology research, we conclude that conflicts between recreationists and increased occurrence of deadwood to promote biodiversity are not that severe as often assumed by forest managers.