IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v307y2024ics0360544224025386.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Coprocessing of cashew nut shell liquid and phenol model compounds with VGO in a pilot-scale FCC riser

Author

Listed:
  • Zhao, Yudi
  • Guo, Xuan
  • Fang, Yunming

Abstract

The feasibility of coprocessing of waste biomass resource cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) with vacuum gas oil (VGO) to produce bio-based fuel has been demonstrated in a pilot riser. Herein, the effects of reaction temperature, catalyst to oil ratio (C/O), CNSL blending ratio, CNSL feed position and ZSM-5 addition on the product distribution and quality of CNSL coprocessing with VGO were analyzed in detail. CNSL was a suitable bio-based feedstock for coprocessing because any proportion of CNSL blended with VGO for coprocessing was feasible with no difficulties occurring in the system. The addition of CNSL could improve conversion and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) yield in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) while maintaining high gasoline yield. Compared to CNSL, phenol or guaiacol with a smaller kinetic diameter was more likely to cause catalyst deactivation. GCxGC-MS analysis of liquid products showed that the oxygenate content in the liquid products was low, and cashew phenol could be cracked, cyclized, dehydrogenated, and converted to naphthol, and further dehydrated and converted to naphthalenes. 14C analysis showed that the biocarbon content of LPG and gasoline produced from CNSL coprocessing was high, indicating that CNSL coprocessing was meaningful.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhao, Yudi & Guo, Xuan & Fang, Yunming, 2024. "Coprocessing of cashew nut shell liquid and phenol model compounds with VGO in a pilot-scale FCC riser," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:307:y:2024:i:c:s0360544224025386
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.132764
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544224025386
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2024.132764?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Faba, Laura & Díaz, Eva & Ordóñez, Salvador, 2015. "Recent developments on the catalytic technologies for the transformation of biomass into biofuels: A patent survey," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 273-287.
    2. Ochoa, Aitor & Vicente, Héctor & Sierra, Irene & Arandes, José M. & Castaño, Pedro, 2020. "Implications of feeding or cofeeding bio-oil in the fluid catalytic cracker (FCC) in terms of regeneration kinetics and energy balance," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 209(C).
    3. Kasiraman, G. & Nagalingam, B. & Balakrishnan, M., 2012. "Performance, emission and combustion improvements in a direct injection diesel engine using cashew nut shell oil as fuel with camphor oil blending," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 47(1), pages 116-124.
    4. Wu, Le & Yan, Ting & Lei, Qingyu & Zhang, Shuai & Wang, Yuqi & Zheng, Lan, 2022. "Operational optimization of co-processing of heavy oil and bio-oil based on the coordination of desulfurization and deoxygenation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PE).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Scaldaferri, C.A. & Pasa, V.M.D., 2019. "Green diesel production from upgrading of cashew nut shell liquid," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 303-313.
    2. Vallinayagam, R. & Vedharaj, S. & Yang, W.M. & Lee, P.S. & Chua, K.J.E. & Chou, S.K., 2013. "Combustion performance and emission characteristics study of pine oil in a diesel engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 344-351.
    3. Raj Kumar Kamaraj & Jinu Gowthami Thankachi Raghuvaran & Arul Franco Panimayam & Haiter Lenin Allasi, 2018. "Performance and Exhaust Emission Optimization of a Dual Fuel Engine by Response Surface Methodology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-13, December.
    4. Santos, Bruna Stella De Freitas & Palacios-Bereche, Milagros Cecilia & Gallego, Antonio Garrido & Nebra, Silvia Azucena & Palacios-Bereche, Reynaldo, 2024. "Energy assessment and heat integration of biofuel production from bio-oil produced through fast pyrolysis of sugarcane straw, and its upgrading via hydrotreatment," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 232(C).
    5. Arunkumar, M. & Kannan, M. & Murali, G., 2019. "Experimental studies on engine performance and emission characteristics using castor biodiesel as fuel in CI engine," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 737-744.
    6. Muthukumar, K. & Kasiraman, G., 2024. "Utilization of fuel energy from single-use Low-density polyethylene plastic waste on CI engine with hydrogen enrichment – An experimental study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    7. Singh, Paramvir & Chauhan, S.R. & Goel, Varun, 2018. "Assessment of diesel engine combustion, performance and emission characteristics fuelled with dual fuel blends," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 501-510.
    8. Laura Aguado-Deblas & Jesús Hidalgo-Carrillo & Felipa M. Bautista & Diego Luna & Carlos Luna & Juan Calero & Alejandro Posadillo & Antonio A. Romero & Rafael Estevez, 2020. "Diethyl Ether as an Oxygenated Additive for Fossil Diesel/Vegetable Oil Blends: Evaluation of Performance and Emission Quality of Triple Blends on a Diesel Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-16, March.
    9. Laura Aguado-Deblas & Jesús Hidalgo-Carrillo & Felipa M. Bautista & Carlos Luna & Juan Calero & Alejandro Posadillo & Antonio A. Romero & Diego Luna & Rafael Estévez, 2021. "Evaluation of Dimethyl Carbonate as Alternative Biofuel. Performance and Smoke Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Diesel/Dimethyl Carbonate/Straight Vegetable Oil Triple Blends," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-14, February.
    10. Thanigaivelan Vadivelu & Lavanya Ramanujam & Rajesh Ravi & Shivaprasad K. Vijayalakshmi & Manoranjitham Ezhilchandran, 2022. "An Exploratory Study of Direct Injection (DI) Diesel Engine Performance Using CNSL—Ethanol Biodiesel Blends with Hydrogen," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-13, December.
    11. Motta, Ingrid Lopes & Miranda, Nahieh Toscano & Maciel Filho, Rubens & Wolf Maciel, Maria Regina, 2018. "Biomass gasification in fluidized beds: A review of biomass moisture content and operating pressure effects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 998-1023.
    12. Singh, Paramvir & Varun, & Chauhan, S.R. & Kumar, Niraj, 2016. "A review on methodology for complete elimination of diesel from CI engines using mixed feedstock," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 1110-1125.
    13. Mabaleha, Sebete S. & Delo, Ayabulela & Kalita, Pranjal, 2024. "Secondary cracking suppression over zeolite-based catalysts: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 203(C).
    14. Vallinayagam, R. & Vedharaj, S. & Yang, W.M. & Lee, P.S. & Chua, K.J.E. & Chou, S.K., 2014. "Pine oil–biodiesel blends: A double biofuel strategy to completely eliminate the use of diesel in a diesel engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 466-473.
    15. Loganathan, S. & Leenus Jesu Martin, M. & Nagalingam, B. & Prabhu, L., 2018. "Heat release rate and performance simulation of DME fuelled diesel engine using oxygenate correction factor and load correction factor in double Wiebe function," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 77-91.
    16. Gurusamy, Manikandaraja & Subramaniyan, Malarmannan & Subramaniyan, Balaji, 2024. "Assessment of hydrogen and diethyl ether enrichment on CI engine operating with binary blend of jatropha and camphor oil using response surface methodology," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    17. Glisic, Sandra B. & Pajnik, Jelena M. & Orlović, Aleksandar M., 2016. "Process and techno-economic analysis of green diesel production from waste vegetable oil and the comparison with ester type biodiesel production," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 176-185.
    18. Varbanov, Petar Sabev & Wang, Bohong & Ocłoń, Paweł & Radziszewska-Zielina, Elżbieta & Ma, Ting & Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír & Jia, Xuexiu, 2023. "Efficiency measures for energy supply and use aiming for a clean circular economy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    19. Chauhan, Bhupendra Singh & Singh, Ram Kripal & Cho, H.M. & Lim, H.C., 2016. "Practice of diesel fuel blends using alternative fuels: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 1358-1368.
    20. Laura Aguado-Deblas & Rafael Estevez & Jesús Hidalgo-Carrillo & Felipa M. Bautista & Carlos Luna & Juan Calero & Alejandro Posadillo & Antonio A. Romero & Diego Luna, 2020. "Outlook for Direct Use of Sunflower and Castor Oils as Biofuels in Compression Ignition Diesel Engines, Being Part of Diesel/Ethyl Acetate/Straight Vegetable Oil Triple Blends," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-14, September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:307:y:2024:i:c:s0360544224025386. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.