Bi-level robust planning of hydrogen energy system for integrated electricity–heat–hydrogen energy system considering multimode utilization of hydrogen

This paper proposes a bi-level robust planning model to address the rational configuration of a hydrogen energy system, accounting for the impact of wind power uncertainty in an integrated electricity–heat–hydrogen energy system (IEHHES) with the increasing wind power penetration. The upper-level problem aims to determine the capacity of the hydrogen energy system in this system, whereas the lower-level problem is formulated as a two-stage robust optimization model to simulate the typical daily operational scheme of the system, considering uncertain wind turbine output and the on/off switching of devices. This model considers multiple hydrogen utilization modes and the physical characteristics of various hydrogen storage tanks. The complex bi-level robust model is intractable directly. Therefore, this bi-level robust planning model is initially decomposed into planning and operation subproblems. These subproblems are then can be solved in parallel using the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm; the planning subproblem, a quadratic programming model, is solved using a commercial solver; the operating subproblem, a two-stage robust optimization model, is solved using the column and constraint generation algorithm. Finally, case studies validate the advantages and effectiveness of the developed model and algorithm.