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Energy effects of heat-island reduction strategies in Toronto, Canada

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  • Akbari, Hashem
  • Konopacki, Steven

Abstract

The effect of heat-island reduction (HIR) strategies on annual energy savings and peak-power avoidance of the building sector of the Greater Toronto Area is calculated, using an hourly building energy simulation model. Results show that ratepayers could realize potential annual energy savings of over $11M from the effects of HIR strategies. The residential sector accounts for over half (59%) of the total savings, offices 13% and retail stores 28%. Savings from cool roofs are about 20%, shade trees 30%, wind shielding of trees 37%, and ambient cooling by trees and reflective surfaces 12%. These results are preliminary and highly sensitive to the relative price of gas and electricity. Potential annual electrticity savings are estimated at about 150 GWh and potential peak power avoidance at 250 MW.

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  • Akbari, Hashem & Konopacki, Steven, 2004. "Energy effects of heat-island reduction strategies in Toronto, Canada," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 29(2), pages 191-210.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:29:y:2004:i:2:p:191-210
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2003.09.004
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    1. Akbari, Hashem & Taha, Haider, 1992. "The impact of trees and white surfaces on residential heating and cooling energy use in four Canadian cities," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 17(2), pages 141-149.
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    1. Hirano, Y. & Fujita, T., 2012. "Evaluation of the impact of the urban heat island on residential and commercial energy consumption in Tokyo," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 371-383.
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    4. Zingre, Kishor T. & Wan, Man Pun & Tong, Shanshan & Li, Hua & Chang, Victor W.-C. & Wong, Swee Khian & Thian Toh, Winston Boo & Leng Lee, Irene Yen, 2015. "Modeling of cool roof heat transfer in tropical climate," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 210-223.
    5. Bevilacqua, Piero, 2021. "The effectiveness of green roofs in reducing building energy consumptions across different climates. A summary of literature results," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    6. Manuela Neri & Mariagrazia Pilotelli & Marco Traversi & Elisa Levi & Edoardo Alessio Piana & Mariasole Bannó & Eva Cuerva & Pablo Pujadas & Alfredo Guardo, 2021. "Conversion of End-of-Life Household Materials into Building Insulating Low-Cost Solutions for the Development of Vulnerable Contexts: Review and Outlook towards a Circular and Sustainable Economy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-21, April.
    7. Zhuoran Shan & Yuehui An & L’ei Xu & Man Yuan, 2021. "High-Temperature Disaster Risk Assessment for Urban Communities: A Case Study in Wuhan, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-17, December.
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    9. Gago, E.J. & Roldan, J. & Pacheco-Torres, R. & Ordóñez, J., 2013. "The city and urban heat islands: A review of strategies to mitigate adverse effects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 749-758.
    10. Deng, Ji-Yu & Wong, Nyuk Hien & Zheng, Xin, 2021. "Effects of street geometries on building cooling demand in Nanjing, China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 142(C).
    11. Taleghani, Mohammad, 2018. "Outdoor thermal comfort by different heat mitigation strategies- A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 2011-2018.
    12. Athanasios Tzempelikos & Seungjae Lee, 2021. "Cool Roofs in the US: The Impact of Roof Reflectivity, Insulation and Attachment Method on Annual Energy Cost," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-17, November.
    13. Zingre, Kishor T. & Wan, Man Pun & Wong, Swee Khian & Toh, Winston Boo Thian & Lee, Irene Yen Leng, 2015. "Modelling of cool roof performance for double-skin roofs in tropical climate," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 813-826.
    14. Doug, Banting & Hitesh, Doshi & James, Li & Paul, Missios, 2005. "Report on the Environmental Benefits and Costs of Green Roof Technology for the City of Toronto," MPRA Paper 70526, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    15. Yang, Jiachuan & Wang, Zhi-Hua & Kaloush, Kamil E., 2015. "Environmental impacts of reflective materials: Is high albedo a ‘silver bullet’ for mitigating urban heat island?," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 830-843.
    16. Seong-Il Park & Taek-Hyoung Ryu & Ick-Chang Choi & Jung-Sup Um, 2019. "Evaluating the Operational Potential of LRV Signatures Derived from UAV Imagery in Performance Evaluation of Cool Roofs," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-14, July.
    17. Barrak Alahmad & Linda Powers Tomasso & Ali Al-Hemoud & Peter James & Petros Koutrakis, 2020. "Spatial Distribution of Land Surface Temperatures in Kuwait: Urban Heat and Cool Islands," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-12, April.
    18. Jaehong Park & Sugie Lee, 2022. "Effects of a Cool Roof System on the Mitigation of Building Temperature: Empirical Evidence from a Field Experiment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-19, April.
    19. Anna Laura Pisello & Franco Cotana & Andrea Nicolini & Lucia Brinchi, 2013. "Development of Clay Tile Coatings for Steep-Sloped Cool Roofs," Energies, MDPI, vol. 6(8), pages 1-17, July.
    20. Vasco Granadeiro & Margarida Almeida & Tiago Souto & Vítor Leal & João Machado & Adélio Mendes, 2020. "Thermochromic Paints on External Surfaces: Impact Assessment for a Residential Building through Thermal and Energy Simulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-16, April.
    21. Jo, J.H. & Carlson, J. & Golden, J.S. & Bryan, H., 2010. "Sustainable urban energy: Development of a mesoscale assessment model for solar reflective roof technologies," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(12), pages 7951-7959, December.

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