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The four generations of district cooling - A categorization of the development in district cooling from origin to future prospect

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  • Østergaard, Poul Alberg
  • Werner, Sven
  • Dyrelund, Anders
  • Lund, Henrik
  • Arabkoohsar, Ahmad
  • Sorknæs, Peter
  • Gudmundsson, Oddgeir
  • Thorsen, Jan Eric
  • Mathiesen, Brian Vad

Abstract

Research into new advanced district heating concepts has increased since the first four generations of district heating were defined in 2014. This definition created a common framework for research and industry alike, and pointed to potential futures for district heating which could benefit from low-temperature heating in buildings. The fully developed fourth-generation district heating includes the cross-sectoral integration into the smart energy system. This paper defines four generations of district cooling to make a similar useful framework for district cooling. The first generation being pipeline refrigeration systems that were first introduced in the late 19th century, the second generation being mainly based on large compression chillers and cold water as distribution fluid, the third generation having a more diversified cold supply such as natural cooling, and the fourth generation combining cooling with other energy sectors sometimes into a renewable energy-based smart energy systems context, including combined heating and cooling.

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  • Østergaard, Poul Alberg & Werner, Sven & Dyrelund, Anders & Lund, Henrik & Arabkoohsar, Ahmad & Sorknæs, Peter & Gudmundsson, Oddgeir & Thorsen, Jan Eric & Mathiesen, Brian Vad, 2022. "The four generations of district cooling - A categorization of the development in district cooling from origin to future prospect," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:253:y:2022:i:c:s0360544222010015
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.124098
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    3. Østergaard, P.A. & Lund, H. & Thellufsen, J.Z. & Sorknæs, P. & Mathiesen, B.V., 2022. "Review and validation of EnergyPLAN," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    4. Chunxia Gao & Zhaoyan Zhang & Peiguang Wang, 2023. "Day-Ahead Scheduling Strategy Optimization of Electric–Thermal Integrated Energy System to Improve the Proportion of New Energy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-30, April.
    5. Emad Ali & Abdelhamid Ajbar & Bilal Lamrani, 2023. "Modeling and Dynamic Simulation of a Phase-Change Material Tank for Powering Chiller Generators in District Cooling Networks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-22, June.
    6. Sommer, Tobias & Sotnikov, Artem & Sulzer, Matthias & Scholz, Volkher & Mischler, Stefan & Rismanchi, Behzad & Gjoka, Kristian & Mennel, Stefan, 2022. "Hydrothermal challenges in low-temperature networks with distributed heat pumps," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    7. Zhang, Zhaoyan & Jiang, Ping & Liu, Zhibin & Fu, Lei & Wang, Peiguang, 2023. "Capacity optimal configuration and collaborative planning of multi-region integrated energy system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(PB).
    8. Zhao, Chuandang & Xu, Jiuping & Wang, Fengjuan & Xie, Guo & Tan, Cheng, 2024. "Economic–environmental trade-offs based support policy towards optimal planning of wastewater heat recovery," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 364(C).
    9. Østergaard, Poul Alberg & Andersen, Anders N., 2023. "Optimal heat storage in district energy plants with heat pumps and electrolysers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 275(C).
    10. Abugabbara, Marwan & Javed, Saqib & Johansson, Dennis, 2022. "A simulation model for the design and analysis of district systems with simultaneous heating and cooling demands," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PA).
    11. Nielsen, Steffen & Østergaard, Poul Alberg & Sperling, Karl, 2023. "Renewable energy transition, transmission system impacts and regional development – a mismatch between national planning and local development," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(PA).
    12. Runge, Jason & Saloux, Etienne, 2023. "A comparison of prediction and forecasting artificial intelligence models to estimate the future energy demand in a district heating system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    13. Hunt, Julian David & Nascimento, Andreas & Zakeri, Behnam & Barbosa, Paulo Sérgio Franco & Costalonga, Leandro, 2022. "Seawater air-conditioning and ammonia district cooling: A solution for warm coastal regions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PB).
    14. Østergaard, Poul Alberg & Andersen, Anders N. & Sorknæs, Peter, 2022. "The business-economic energy system modelling tool energyPRO," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    15. Gao, Cheng & Wang, Dan & Sun, Yuying & Wang, Wei & Zhang, Xiuyu, 2023. "Optimal load dispatch of multi-source looped district cooling systems based on energy and hydraulic performances," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    16. Sorknæs, Peter & Thellufsen, Jakob Zinck & Knobloch, Kai & Engelbrecht, Kurt & Yuan, Meng, 2023. "Economic potentials of carnot batteries in 100% renewable energy systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).

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