IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v204y2020ics0360544220309920.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Fundamentals and business model for resource aggregator of demand response in electricity markets

Author

Listed:
  • Lu, Xiaoxing
  • Li, Kangping
  • Xu, Hanchen
  • Wang, Fei
  • Zhou, Zhenyu
  • Zhang, Yagang

Abstract

Demand response (DR) is an effective means to help maintain the balance between power supply and demand, promote energy conservation and emission reduction. Nevertheless, the involvement of different flexible resources, including distributed generation (DG), energy storage system (EES) and especially controllable load of customers in DR programs becomes the critical element for the implementation of DR. The resource aggregators (RA), an emerging market participant, serves as the professional integrator of these widely-distributed adjustable resources and offers them convenient access to related market trading information. The participation of RAs plays a significant role in enhancing system flexibility, fully exploiting the potential of flexible resources and bridging the gap between suppliers and buyers of DR. This paper focuses on the fundamentals and business mechanism of RAs in the electricity market. First, a comprehensive review of recent literature and projects is presented, with particular attention on RAs’ roles in electricity markets as well as their difference from other market entities. Then, the business model for RA is analyzed systematically, involving resource aggregation, basic information prediction, market bidding strategy development, and settlement process. Besides, information about existing RAs around the world is collected and compared to understand the development status and existing challenges.

Suggested Citation

  • Lu, Xiaoxing & Li, Kangping & Xu, Hanchen & Wang, Fei & Zhou, Zhenyu & Zhang, Yagang, 2020. "Fundamentals and business model for resource aggregator of demand response in electricity markets," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:204:y:2020:i:c:s0360544220309920
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.117885
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544220309920
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117885?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Li, Kangping & Wang, Fei & Mi, Zengqiang & Fotuhi-Firuzabad, Mahmoud & Duić, Neven & Wang, Tieqiang, 2019. "Capacity and output power estimation approach of individual behind-the-meter distributed photovoltaic system for demand response baseline estimation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C), pages 1-1.
    2. Ayón, X. & Gruber, J.K. & Hayes, B.P. & Usaola, J. & Prodanović, M., 2017. "An optimal day-ahead load scheduling approach based on the flexibility of aggregate demands," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C), pages 1-11.
    3. Lu, Renzhi & Hong, Seung Ho & Zhang, Xiongfeng, 2018. "A Dynamic pricing demand response algorithm for smart grid: Reinforcement learning approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 220-230.
    4. Behrangrad, Mahdi, 2015. "A review of demand side management business models in the electricity market," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 270-283.
    5. Pinto, Rui & Bessa, Ricardo J. & Matos, Manuel A., 2017. "Multi-period flexibility forecast for low voltage prosumers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 2251-2263.
    6. Tabar, Vahid Sohrabi & Abbasi, Vahid, 2019. "Energy management in microgrid with considering high penetration of renewable resources and surplus power generation problem," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    7. Carreiro, Andreia M. & Jorge, Humberto M. & Antunes, Carlos Henggeler, 2017. "Energy management systems aggregators: A literature survey," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 1160-1172.
    8. Niu, Zhewen & Yu, Zeyuan & Tang, Wenhu & Wu, Qinghua & Reformat, Marek, 2020. "Wind power forecasting using attention-based gated recurrent unit network," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 196(C).
    9. Nikolaos Koltsaklis & Athanasios Dagoumas, 2018. "Policy Implications of Power Exchanges on Operational Scheduling: Evaluating EUPHEMIA’s Market Products in Case of Greece," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-26, October.
    10. Hu, Maomao & Xiao, Fu, 2020. "Quantifying uncertainty in the aggregate energy flexibility of high-rise residential building clusters considering stochastic occupancy and occupant behavior," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C).
    11. Wang, Dan & Hu, Qing'e & Jia, Hongjie & Hou, Kai & Du, Wei & Chen, Ning & Wang, Xudong & Fan, Menghua, 2019. "Integrated demand response in district electricity-heating network considering double auction retail energy market based on demand-side energy stations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C), pages 656-678.
    12. He, Xian & Keyaerts, Nico & Azevedo, Isabel & Meeus, Leonardo & Hancher, Leigh & Glachant, Jean-Michel, 2013. "How to engage consumers in demand response: A contract perspective," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 108-122.
    13. Chabok, Hossein & Roustaei, Mahmoud & Sheikh, Morteza & Kavousi-Fard, Abdollah, 2020. "On the assessment of the impact of a price-maker energy storage unit on the operation of power system: The ISO point of view," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C).
    14. Li, Weilin & Xu, Peng & Lu, Xing & Wang, Huilong & Pang, Zhihong, 2016. "Electricity demand response in China: Status, feasible market schemes and pilots," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 981-994.
    15. Stinner, Sebastian & Huchtemann, Kristian & Müller, Dirk, 2016. "Quantifying the operational flexibility of building energy systems with thermal energy storages," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 140-154.
    16. Paterakis, Nikolaos G. & Erdinç, Ozan & Catalão, João P.S., 2017. "An overview of Demand Response: Key-elements and international experience," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 871-891.
    17. Weron, Rafał, 2014. "Electricity price forecasting: A review of the state-of-the-art with a look into the future," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 30(4), pages 1030-1081.
    18. Barbero, Mattia & Corchero, Cristina & Canals Casals, Lluc & Igualada, Lucia & Heredia, F.-Javier, 2020. "Critical evaluation of European balancing markets to enable the participation of Demand Aggregators," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    19. Aghaei, Jamshid & Alizadeh, Mohammad-Iman, 2013. "Demand response in smart electricity grids equipped with renewable energy sources: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 18(C), pages 64-72.
    20. Hu, Jing & Harmsen, Robert & Crijns-Graus, Wina & Worrell, Ernst & van den Broek, Machteld, 2018. "Identifying barriers to large-scale integration of variable renewable electricity into the electricity market: A literature review of market design," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 2181-2195.
    21. Kandil, Sarah M. & Farag, Hany E.Z. & Shaaban, Mostafa F. & El-Sharafy, M. Zaki, 2018. "A combined resource allocation framework for PEVs charging stations, renewable energy resources and distributed energy storage systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 961-972.
    22. Burger, Scott & Chaves-Ávila, Jose Pablo & Batlle, Carlos & Pérez-Arriaga, Ignacio J., 2017. "A review of the value of aggregators in electricity systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 395-405.
    23. Li, Bosong & Shen, Jingshuang & Wang, Xu & Jiang, Chuanwen, 2016. "From controllable loads to generalized demand-side resources: A review on developments of demand-side resources," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 936-944.
    24. Hu, Maomao & Xiao, Fu, 2018. "Price-responsive model-based optimal demand response control of inverter air conditioners using genetic algorithm," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(C), pages 151-164.
    25. Iria, José & Soares, Filipe & Matos, Manuel, 2019. "Optimal bidding strategy for an aggregator of prosumers in energy and secondary reserve markets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C), pages 1361-1372.
    26. Khan, Ahsan Raza & Mahmood, Anzar & Safdar, Awais & Khan, Zafar A. & Khan, Naveed Ahmed, 2016. "Load forecasting, dynamic pricing and DSM in smart grid: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 1311-1322.
    27. Vallés, Mercedes & Bello, Antonio & Reneses, Javier & Frías, Pablo, 2018. "Probabilistic characterization of electricity consumer responsiveness to economic incentives," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C), pages 296-310.
    28. Lockwood, Matthew & Mitchell, Catherine & Hoggett, Richard, 2020. "Incumbent lobbying as a barrier to forward-looking regulation: The case of demand-side response in the GB capacity market for electricity," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    29. van der Meer, D.W. & Widén, J. & Munkhammar, J., 2018. "Review on probabilistic forecasting of photovoltaic power production and electricity consumption," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 1484-1512.
    30. Gao, Xiang & Chan, Ka Wing & Xia, Shiwei & Zhou, Bin & Lu, Xi & Xu, Da, 2019. "Risk-constrained offering strategy for a hybrid power plant consisting of wind power producer and electric vehicle aggregator," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 183-191.
    31. Katz, Jonas & Andersen, Frits Møller & Morthorst, Poul Erik, 2016. "Load-shift incentives for household demand response: Evaluation of hourly dynamic pricing and rebate schemes in a wind-based electricity system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(P3), pages 1602-1616.
    32. Iria, José & Soares, Filipe & Matos, Manuel, 2018. "Optimal supply and demand bidding strategy for an aggregator of small prosumers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 213(C), pages 658-669.
    33. Hong, Tao & Fan, Shu, 2016. "Probabilistic electric load forecasting: A tutorial review," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 32(3), pages 914-938.
    34. Lujano-Rojas, Juan M. & Zubi, Ghassan & Dufo-López, Rodolfo & Bernal-Agustín, José L. & García-Paricio, Eduardo & Catalão, João P.S., 2019. "Contract design of direct-load control programs and their optimal management by genetic algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(C).
    35. Ottesen, Stig Ødegaard & Tomasgard, Asgeir & Fleten, Stein-Erik, 2018. "Multi market bidding strategies for demand side flexibility aggregators in electricity markets," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 120-134.
    36. Iria, José & Soares, Filipe, 2019. "Real-time provision of multiple electricity market products by an aggregator of prosumers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    37. Koltsaklis, Nikolaos E. & Dagoumas, Athanasios S., 2018. "Incorporating unit commitment aspects to the European electricity markets algorithm: An optimization model for the joint clearing of energy and reserve markets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C), pages 235-258.
    38. López-Rodríguez, M.A. & Santiago, I. & Trillo-Montero, D. & Torriti, J. & Moreno-Munoz, A., 2013. "Analysis and modeling of active occupancy of the residential sector in Spain: An indicator of residential electricity consumption," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 742-751.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Okur, Özge & Heijnen, Petra & Lukszo, Zofia, 2021. "Aggregator’s business models in residential and service sectors: A review of operational and financial aspects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    2. Adrian Tantau & András Puskás-Tompos & Laurentiu Fratila & Costel Stanciu, 2021. "Acceptance of Demand Response and Aggregators as a Solution to Optimize the Relation between Energy Producers and Consumers in order to Increase the Amount of Renewable Energy in the Grid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-19, June.
    3. Meyabadi, A. Fattahi & Deihimi, M.H., 2017. "A review of demand-side management: Reconsidering theoretical framework," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 367-379.
    4. Fatras, Nicolas & Ma, Zheng & Duan, Hongbo & Jørgensen, Bo Nørregaard, 2022. "A systematic review of electricity market liberalisation and its alignment with industrial consumer participation: A comparison between the Nordics and China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    5. Iria, José & Scott, Paul & Attarha, Ahmad, 2020. "Network-constrained bidding optimization strategy for aggregators of prosumers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
    6. Bohlayer, Markus & Fleschutz, Markus & Braun, Marco & Zöttl, Gregor, 2020. "Energy-intense production-inventory planning with participation in sequential energy markets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    7. Burger, Scott & Chaves-Ávila, Jose Pablo & Batlle, Carlos & Pérez-Arriaga, Ignacio J., 2017. "A review of the value of aggregators in electricity systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 395-405.
    8. Ussama Assad & Muhammad Arshad Shehzad Hassan & Umar Farooq & Asif Kabir & Muhammad Zeeshan Khan & S. Sabahat H. Bukhari & Zain ul Abidin Jaffri & Judit Oláh & József Popp, 2022. "Smart Grid, Demand Response and Optimization: A Critical Review of Computational Methods," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-36, March.
    9. Matthew Gough & Sérgio F. Santos & Mohammed Javadi & Rui Castro & João P. S. Catalão, 2020. "Prosumer Flexibility: A Comprehensive State-of-the-Art Review and Scientometric Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-32, May.
    10. Kohlhepp, Peter & Harb, Hassan & Wolisz, Henryk & Waczowicz, Simon & Müller, Dirk & Hagenmeyer, Veit, 2019. "Large-scale grid integration of residential thermal energy storages as demand-side flexibility resource: A review of international field studies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 527-547.
    11. Ieva Pakere & Armands Gravelsins & Girts Bohvalovs & Liga Rozentale & Dagnija Blumberga, 2021. "Will Aggregator Reduce Renewable Power Surpluses? A System Dynamics Approach for the Latvia Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-21, November.
    12. Barja-Martinez, Sara & Aragüés-Peñalba, Mònica & Munné-Collado, Íngrid & Lloret-Gallego, Pau & Bullich-Massagué, Eduard & Villafafila-Robles, Roberto, 2021. "Artificial intelligence techniques for enabling Big Data services in distribution networks: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
    13. Xiao, Xiangsheng & Wang, Jianxiao & Lin, Rui & Hill, David J. & Kang, Chongqing, 2020. "Large-scale aggregation of prosumers toward strategic bidding in joint energy and regulation markets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    14. Annala, Salla & Ruggiero, Salvatore & Kangas, Hanna-Liisa & Honkapuro, Samuli & Ohrling, Tiina, 2022. "Impact of home market on business development and internationalization of demand response firms," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C).
    15. Paterakis, Nikolaos G. & Erdinç, Ozan & Catalão, João P.S., 2017. "An overview of Demand Response: Key-elements and international experience," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 871-891.
    16. Roman V. Klyuev & Irbek D. Morgoev & Angelika D. Morgoeva & Oksana A. Gavrina & Nikita V. Martyushev & Egor A. Efremenkov & Qi Mengxu, 2022. "Methods of Forecasting Electric Energy Consumption: A Literature Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-33, November.
    17. Parag, Yael, 2021. "Which factors influence large households’ decision to join a time-of-use program? The interplay between demand flexibility, personal benefits and national benefits," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    18. Antonopoulos, Ioannis & Robu, Valentin & Couraud, Benoit & Kirli, Desen & Norbu, Sonam & Kiprakis, Aristides & Flynn, David & Elizondo-Gonzalez, Sergio & Wattam, Steve, 2020. "Artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches to energy demand-side response: A systematic review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 130(C).
    19. Pereira, Diogo Santos & Marques, António Cardoso, 2020. "How should price-responsive electricity tariffs evolve? An analysis of the German net demand case," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    20. da Fonseca, André L.A. & Chvatal, Karin M.S. & Fernandes, Ricardo A.S., 2021. "Thermal comfort maintenance in demand response programs: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:204:y:2020:i:c:s0360544220309920. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.