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Recommendations for the new WLTP cycle based on an analysis of vehicle emission measurements on NEDC and CADC

Author

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  • Demuynck, Joachim
  • Bosteels, Dirk
  • De Paepe, Michel
  • Favre, Cécile
  • May, John
  • Verhelst, Sebastian

Abstract

Past investigations have shown that the current type-approval test cycles are not representative for real-world vehicle usage. Consequently, the emissions and fuel consumption of the vehicles are underestimated. Therefore, a new cycle is being developed in the UNECE framework (World-harmonised Light-duty Test Procedure, WLTP), aiming at a more dynamic and worldwide harmonised test cycle. To provide recommendations for the new cycle, we have analysed the noxious emission results of a test programme of seven vehicles on the test cycles NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) and CADC (Common Artemis Driving Cycles). This paper presents the results of that analysis to show the zones of the cycle that are causing the highest emissions, using two different approaches. Both approaches show that the zones with the highest emissions of modern vehicles differ from vehicle to vehicle. Consequently, a representative test cycle has to contain as many combinations of vehicle speed and acceleration that occur in real-world traffic as possible to prevent that a vehicle does not perform well for certain combinations because they are not included in the test cycle. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates that it is important to include a cold start to ensure rapid warm up of the catalysts.

Suggested Citation

  • Demuynck, Joachim & Bosteels, Dirk & De Paepe, Michel & Favre, Cécile & May, John & Verhelst, Sebastian, 2012. "Recommendations for the new WLTP cycle based on an analysis of vehicle emission measurements on NEDC and CADC," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 234-242.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:enepol:v:49:y:2012:i:c:p:234-242
    DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.05.081
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    Cited by:

    1. Yuan Qiao & Yizhou Song & Kaisheng Huang, 2019. "A Novel Control Algorithm Design for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering Energy Consumption and Emission Performance," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-28, July.
    2. Youssef Amry & Elhoussin Elbouchikhi & Franck Le Gall & Mounir Ghogho & Soumia El Hani, 2022. "Electric Vehicle Traction Drives and Charging Station Power Electronics: Current Status and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-30, August.
    3. Tsokolis, D. & Tsiakmakis, S. & Dimaratos, A. & Fontaras, G. & Pistikopoulos, P. & Ciuffo, B. & Samaras, Z., 2016. "Fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of passenger cars over the New Worldwide Harmonized Test Protocol," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 1152-1165.
    4. Tsiakmakis, Stefanos & Fontaras, Georgios & Dornoff, Jan & Valverde, Victor & Komnos, Dimitrios & Ciuffo, Biagio & Mock, Peter & Samaras, Zissis, 2019. "From lab-to-road & vice-versa: Using a simulation-based approach for predicting real-world CO2 emissions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 1153-1165.
    5. Ntziachristos, L. & Mellios, G. & Tsokolis, D. & Keller, M. & Hausberger, S. & Ligterink, N.E. & Dilara, P., 2014. "In-use vs. type-approval fuel consumption of current passenger cars in Europe," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 403-411.
    6. Nils Hooftman & Luis Oliveira & Maarten Messagie & Thierry Coosemans & Joeri Van Mierlo, 2016. "Environmental Analysis of Petrol, Diesel and Electric Passenger Cars in a Belgian Urban Setting," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(2), pages 1-24, January.
    7. Ko, Jinyoung & Jin, Dongyoung & Jang, Wonwook & Myung, Cha-Lee & Kwon, Sangil & Park, Simsoo, 2017. "Comparative investigation of NOx emission characteristics from a Euro 6-compliant diesel passenger car over the NEDC and WLTC at various ambient temperatures," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 652-662.
    8. Martin, Niall P.D. & Bishop, Justin D.K. & Choudhary, Ruchi & Boies, Adam M., 2015. "Can UK passenger vehicles be designed to meet 2020 emissions targets? A novel methodology to forecast fuel consumption with uncertainty analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 929-939.
    9. Han, Dandan & E, Jiaqiang & Deng, Yuanwang & Chen, Jingwei & Leng, Erwei & Liao, Gaoliang & Zhao, Xiaohuan & Feng, Changling & Zhang, Feng, 2021. "A review of studies using hydrocarbon adsorption material for reducing hydrocarbon emissions from cold start of gasoline engine," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    10. Tsiakmakis, Stefanos & Fontaras, Georgios & Ciuffo, Biagio & Samaras, Zissis, 2017. "A simulation-based methodology for quantifying European passenger car fleet CO2 emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 447-465.
    11. Karol Tucki, 2021. "A Computer Tool for Modelling CO 2 Emissions in Driving Cycles for Spark Ignition Engines Powered by Biofuels," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-33, March.
    12. Karol Tucki & Andrzej Wasiak & Olga Orynycz & Remigiusz Mruk, 2020. "Computer Simulation as a Tool for Managing the Technical Development of Methods for Diagnosing the Technical Condition of a Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-24, June.

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