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Load management for refrigeration systems: Potentials and barriers

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  • Grein, Arne
  • Pehnt, Martin

Abstract

As a strategy to deal with the increasing intermittent input of renewable energy sources in Germany, the adaptation of power consumption is complementary to power-plant regulation, grid expansion and physical energy storage. One demand sector that promises strong returns for load management efforts is cooling and refrigeration. In these processes, thermal inertia provides a temporal buffer for shifting and adjusting the power consumption of cooling systems. We have conducted an empirical investigation to obtain a detailed and time-resolved bottom-up analysis of load management for refrigeration systems in the city of Mannheim, Germany. We have extrapolated our results to general conditions in Germany. Several barriers inhibit the rapid adoption of load management strategies for cooling systems, including informational barriers, strict compliance with legal cooling requirements, liability issues, lack of technical experience, an inadequate rate of return and organizational barriers. Small commercial applications of refrigeration in the food-retailing and cold storage in hotels and restaurants are particularly promising starting points for intelligent load management. When our results are applied to Germany, suitable sectors for load management have theoretical and achievable potential values of 4.2 and 2.8Â GW, respectively, amounting to about 4-6% of the maximum power demand in Germany.

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  • Grein, Arne & Pehnt, Martin, 2011. "Load management for refrigeration systems: Potentials and barriers," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(9), pages 5598-5608, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:enepol:v:39:y:2011:i:9:p:5598-5608
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    1. Spees, Kathleen & Lave, Lester B., 2007. "Demand Response and Electricity Market Efficiency," The Electricity Journal, Elsevier, vol. 20(3), pages 69-85, April.
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    1. Heitkoetter, Wilko & Medjroubi, Wided & Vogt, Thomas & Agert, Carsten, 2020. "Regionalised heat demand and power-to-heat capacities in Germany – An open dataset for assessing renewable energy integration," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    2. Leinauer, Christina & Schott, Paul & Fridgen, Gilbert & Keller, Robert & Ollig, Philipp & Weibelzahl, Martin, 2022. "Obstacles to demand response: Why industrial companies do not adapt their power consumption to volatile power generation," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
    3. Michael Schoepf & Martin Weibelzahl & Lisa Nowka, 2018. "The Impact of Substituting Production Technologies on the Economic Demand Response Potential in Industrial Processes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-13, August.
    4. Fatras, Nicolas & Ma, Zheng & Jørgensen, Bo Nørregaard, 2022. "Process-to-market matrix mapping: A multi-criteria evaluation framework for industrial processes’ electricity market participation feasibility," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    5. Dranka, Géremi Gilson & Ferreira, Paula, 2019. "Review and assessment of the different categories of demand response potentials," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 280-294.
    6. Kohlhepp, Peter & Harb, Hassan & Wolisz, Henryk & Waczowicz, Simon & Müller, Dirk & Hagenmeyer, Veit, 2019. "Large-scale grid integration of residential thermal energy storages as demand-side flexibility resource: A review of international field studies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 527-547.
    7. Olsthoorn, Mark & Schleich, Joachim & Klobasa, Marian, 2015. "Barriers to electricity load shift in companies: A survey-based exploration of the end-user perspective," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 32-42.
    8. Scharnhorst, L. & Sloot, D. & Lehmann, N. & Ardone, A. & Fichtner, W., 2024. "Barriers to demand response in the commercial and industrial sectors – An empirical investigation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 190(PB).
    9. Gjorgievski, Vladimir Z. & Markovska, Natasa & Abazi, Alajdin & Duić, Neven, 2021. "The potential of power-to-heat demand response to improve the flexibility of the energy system: An empirical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    10. Yan Wang & Congxianzi Pei & Qiushuo Li & Jingbang Li & Deng Pan & Ciwei Gao, 2020. "Flow Shop Providing Frequency Regulation Service in Electricity Market," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-15, April.
    11. Gils, Hans Christian, 2014. "Assessment of the theoretical demand response potential in Europe," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 1-18.
    12. Aaron Praktiknjo, 2016. "The Value of Lost Load for Sectoral Load Shedding Measures: The German Case with 51 Sectors," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(2), pages 1-17, February.
    13. Thimmel, Markus & Fridgen, Gilbert & Keller, Robert & Roevekamp, Patrick, 2019. "Compensating balancing demand by spatial load migration – The case of geographically distributed data centers," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 1130-1142.
    14. Pang, Yuexia & He, Yongxiu & Jiao, Jie & Cai, Hua, 2020. "Power load demand response potential of secondary sectors in China: The case of western Inner Mongolia," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    15. Fridgen, Gilbert & Keller, Robert & Thimmel, Markus & Wederhake, Lars, 2017. "Shifting load through space–The economics of spatial demand side management using distributed data centers," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 400-413.
    16. Gils, Hans Christian, 2016. "Economic potential for future demand response in Germany – Modeling approach and case study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 401-415.

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