IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/ejores/v231y2013i1p1-21.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Heuristics for multi-attribute vehicle routing problems: A survey and synthesis

Author

Listed:
  • Vidal, Thibaut
  • Crainic, Teodor Gabriel
  • Gendreau, Michel
  • Prins, Christian

Abstract

The attributes of vehicle routing problems are additional characteristics or constraints that aim to better take into account the specificities of real applications. The variants thus formed are supported by a well-developed literature, including a large variety of heuristics. This article first reviews the main classes of attributes, providing a survey of heuristics and meta-heuristics for Multi-Attribute Vehicle Routing Problems (MAVRP). It then takes a closer look at the concepts of 64 remarkable meta-heuristics, selected objectively for their outstanding performance on 15 classic MAVRP with different attributes. This cross-analysis leads to the identification of “winning strategies” in designing effective heuristics for MAVRP. This is an important step in the development of general and efficient solution methods for dealing with the large range of vehicle routing variants.

Suggested Citation

  • Vidal, Thibaut & Crainic, Teodor Gabriel & Gendreau, Michel & Prins, Christian, 2013. "Heuristics for multi-attribute vehicle routing problems: A survey and synthesis," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 231(1), pages 1-21.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ejores:v:231:y:2013:i:1:p:1-21
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ejor.2013.02.053
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377221713002026
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.ejor.2013.02.053?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. David Pisinger & Stefan Ropke, 2010. "Large Neighborhood Search," International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, in: Michel Gendreau & Jean-Yves Potvin (ed.), Handbook of Metaheuristics, chapter 0, pages 399-419, Springer.
    2. Mauricio G.C. Resende & Celso C. Ribeiro & Fred Glover & Rafael Martí, 2010. "Scatter Search and Path-Relinking: Fundamentals, Advances, and Applications," International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, in: Michel Gendreau & Jean-Yves Potvin (ed.), Handbook of Metaheuristics, chapter 0, pages 87-107, Springer.
    3. Michel Gendreau & Alain Hertz & Gilbert Laporte, 1994. "A Tabu Search Heuristic for the Vehicle Routing Problem," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 40(10), pages 1276-1290, October.
    4. Stefan Ropke & David Pisinger, 2006. "An Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search Heuristic for the Pickup and Delivery Problem with Time Windows," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 40(4), pages 455-472, November.
    5. Derigs, U. & Kaiser, R., 2007. "Applying the attribute based hill climber heuristic to the vehicle routing problem," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 177(2), pages 719-732, March.
    6. G. B. Dantzig & J. H. Ramser, 1959. "The Truck Dispatching Problem," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 6(1), pages 80-91, October.
    7. J. M. Belenguer & M. C. Martinez & E. Mota, 2000. "A Lower Bound for the Split Delivery Vehicle Routing Problem," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 48(5), pages 801-810, October.
    8. Paul M. Thompson & Harilaos N. Psaraftis, 1993. "Cyclic Transfer Algorithm for Multivehicle Routing and Scheduling Problems," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 41(5), pages 935-946, October.
    9. Desrochers, M. & Lenstra, J. K. & Savelsbergh, M. W. P., 1990. "A classification scheme for vehicle routing and scheduling problems," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 46(3), pages 322-332, June.
    10. Fred Glover, 1989. "Tabu Search---Part I," INFORMS Journal on Computing, INFORMS, vol. 1(3), pages 190-206, August.
    11. Thibaut Vidal & Teodor Gabriel Crainic & Michel Gendreau & Nadia Lahrichi & Walter Rei, 2012. "A Hybrid Genetic Algorithm for Multidepot and Periodic Vehicle Routing Problems," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 60(3), pages 611-624, June.
    12. Michel Gendreau & Manuel Iori & Gilbert Laporte & Silvano Martello, 2006. "A Tabu Search Algorithm for a Routing and Container Loading Problem," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 40(3), pages 342-350, August.
    13. Goetschalckx, Marc & Jacobs-Blecha, Charlotte, 1989. "The vehicle routing problem with backhauls," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 42(1), pages 39-51, September.
    14. Guido Perboli & Ferdinando Pezzella & Roberto Tadei, 2008. "EVE-OPT: a hybrid algorithm for the capacitated vehicle routing problem," Mathematical Methods of Operations Research, Springer;Gesellschaft für Operations Research (GOR);Nederlands Genootschap voor Besliskunde (NGB), vol. 68(2), pages 361-382, October.
    15. Ronen, David, 1988. "Perspectives on practical aspects of truck routing and scheduling," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 35(2), pages 137-145, May.
    16. Letchford, Adam N. & Lysgaard, Jens & Eglese, Richard W., 2006. "A Branch-and-Cut Algorithm for the Capacitated Open Vehicle Routing Problem," CORAL Working Papers L-2006-06, University of Aarhus, Aarhus School of Business, Department of Business Studies.
    17. Bektas, Tolga & Laporte, Gilbert, 2011. "The Pollution-Routing Problem," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 45(8), pages 1232-1250, September.
    18. Aristide Mingozzi & Simone Giorgi & Roberto Baldacci, 1999. "An Exact Method for the Vehicle Routing Problem with Backhauls," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 33(3), pages 315-329, August.
    19. Ropke, Stefan & Pisinger, David, 2006. "A unified heuristic for a large class of Vehicle Routing Problems with Backhauls," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 171(3), pages 750-775, June.
    20. Cordeau, Jean-François & Laporte, Gilbert, 2003. "A tabu search heuristic for the static multi-vehicle dial-a-ride problem," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 37(6), pages 579-594, July.
    21. T. Ibaraki & S. Imahori & M. Kubo & T. Masuda & T. Uno & M. Yagiura, 2005. "Effective Local Search Algorithms for Routing and Scheduling Problems with General Time-Window Constraints," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 39(2), pages 206-232, May.
    22. Gulczynski, Damon & Golden, Bruce & Wasil, Edward, 2011. "The period vehicle routing problem: New heuristics and real-world variants," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 47(5), pages 648-668, September.
    23. Asvin Goel, 2009. "Vehicle Scheduling and Routing with Drivers' Working Hours," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 43(1), pages 17-26, February.
    24. B. Bullnheimer & R.F. Hartl & C. Strauss, 1999. "An improved Ant System algorithm for theVehicle Routing Problem," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 89(0), pages 319-328, January.
    25. Beasley, JE, 1983. "Route first--Cluster second methods for vehicle routing," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 11(4), pages 403-408.
    26. Asvin Goel, 2010. "Truck Driver Scheduling in the European Union," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 44(4), pages 429-441, November.
    27. Michel Gendreau & Jean-Yves Potvin, 2005. "Metaheuristics in Combinatorial Optimization," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 140(1), pages 189-213, November.
    28. Matteo Fischetti & Paolo Toth & Daniele Vigo, 1994. "A Branch-and-Bound Algorithm for the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem on Directed Graphs," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 42(5), pages 846-859, October.
    29. Olli Bräysy & Michel Gendreau, 2005. "Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows, Part I: Route Construction and Local Search Algorithms," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 39(1), pages 104-118, February.
    30. Bernhard Fleischmann & Martin Gietz & Stefan Gnutzmann, 2004. "Time-Varying Travel Times in Vehicle Routing," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 38(2), pages 160-173, May.
    31. Chryssi Malandraki & Mark S. Daskin, 1992. "Time Dependent Vehicle Routing Problems: Formulations, Properties and Heuristic Algorithms," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 26(3), pages 185-200, August.
    32. Gerardo Berbeglia & Jean-François Cordeau & Irina Gribkovskaia & Gilbert Laporte, 2007. "Static pickup and delivery problems: a classification scheme and survey," TOP: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 15(1), pages 1-31, July.
    33. S. Lin & B. W. Kernighan, 1973. "An Effective Heuristic Algorithm for the Traveling-Salesman Problem," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 21(2), pages 498-516, April.
    34. Helena R. Lourenço & Olivier C. Martin & Thomas Stützle, 2010. "Iterated Local Search: Framework and Applications," International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, in: Michel Gendreau & Jean-Yves Potvin (ed.), Handbook of Metaheuristics, chapter 0, pages 363-397, Springer.
    35. Roberto Baldacci & Enrico Bartolini & Aristide Mingozzi & Andrea Valletta, 2011. "An Exact Algorithm for the Period Routing Problem," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 59(1), pages 228-241, February.
    36. Alegre, Jesus & Laguna, Manuel & Pacheco, Joaquin, 2007. "Optimizing the periodic pick-up of raw materials for a manufacturer of auto parts," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 179(3), pages 736-746, June.
    37. Olli Bräysy & Michel Gendreau, 2005. "Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows, Part II: Metaheuristics," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 39(1), pages 119-139, February.
    38. Subramanian, Anand & Penna, Puca Huachi Vaz & Uchoa, Eduardo & Ochi, Luiz Satoru, 2012. "A hybrid algorithm for the Heterogeneous Fleet Vehicle Routing Problem," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 221(2), pages 285-295.
    39. Lee, Chi-Guhn & Epelman, Marina A. & White III, Chelsea C. & Bozer, Yavuz A., 2006. "A shortest path approach to the multiple-vehicle routing problem with split pick-ups," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 40(4), pages 265-284, May.
    40. Chris Groër & Bruce Golden & Edward Wasil, 2011. "A Parallel Algorithm for the Vehicle Routing Problem," INFORMS Journal on Computing, INFORMS, vol. 23(2), pages 315-330, May.
    41. Billy E. Gillett & Leland R. Miller, 1974. "A Heuristic Algorithm for the Vehicle-Dispatch Problem," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 22(2), pages 340-349, April.
    42. Pablo Moscato & Carlos Cotta, 2010. "A Modern Introduction to Memetic Algorithms," International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, in: Michel Gendreau & Jean-Yves Potvin (ed.), Handbook of Metaheuristics, chapter 0, pages 141-183, Springer.
    43. Eric Prescott-Gagnon & Guy Desaulniers & Michael Drexl & Louis-Martin Rousseau, 2010. "European Driver Rules in Vehicle Routing with Time Windows," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 44(4), pages 455-473, November.
    44. Mads Jepsen & Bjørn Petersen & Simon Spoorendonk & David Pisinger, 2008. "Subset-Row Inequalities Applied to the Vehicle-Routing Problem with Time Windows," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 56(2), pages 497-511, April.
    45. Éric Taillard & Philippe Badeau & Michel Gendreau & François Guertin & Jean-Yves Potvin, 1997. "A Tabu Search Heuristic for the Vehicle Routing Problem with Soft Time Windows," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 31(2), pages 170-186, May.
    46. Paolo Toth & Daniele Vigo, 1997. "An Exact Algorithm for the Vehicle Routing Problem with Backhauls," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 31(4), pages 372-385, November.
    47. Ichoua, Soumia & Gendreau, Michel & Potvin, Jean-Yves, 2003. "Vehicle dispatching with time-dependent travel times," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 144(2), pages 379-396, January.
    48. Michel Gendreau & Alain Hertz & Gilbert Laporte, 1992. "New Insertion and Postoptimization Procedures for the Traveling Salesman Problem," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 40(6), pages 1086-1094, December.
    49. Marius M. Solomon, 1987. "Algorithms for the Vehicle Routing and Scheduling Problems with Time Window Constraints," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 35(2), pages 254-265, April.
    50. Nagy, Gabor & Salhi, Said, 2007. "Location-routing: Issues, models and methods," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 177(2), pages 649-672, March.
    51. Edmund K. Burke & Matthew Hyde & Graham Kendall & Gabriela Ochoa & Ender Özcan & John R. Woodward, 2010. "A Classification of Hyper-heuristic Approaches," International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, in: Michel Gendreau & Jean-Yves Potvin (ed.), Handbook of Metaheuristics, chapter 0, pages 449-468, Springer.
    52. G. Clarke & J. W. Wright, 1964. "Scheduling of Vehicles from a Central Depot to a Number of Delivery Points," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 12(4), pages 568-581, August.
    53. Michael Drexl, 2012. "Synchronization in Vehicle Routing---A Survey of VRPs with Multiple Synchronization Constraints," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 46(3), pages 297-316, August.
    54. Manuel Iori & Silvano Martello, 2010. "Routing problems with loading constraints," TOP: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 18(1), pages 4-27, July.
    55. Roberto Baldacci & Aristide Mingozzi & Roberto Roberti, 2011. "New Route Relaxation and Pricing Strategies for the Vehicle Routing Problem," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 59(5), pages 1269-1283, October.
    56. Berbeglia, Gerardo & Cordeau, Jean-François & Laporte, Gilbert, 2010. "Dynamic pickup and delivery problems," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 202(1), pages 8-15, April.
    57. Hemmelmayr, Vera C. & Doerner, Karl F. & Hartl, Richard F., 2009. "A variable neighborhood search heuristic for periodic routing problems," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 195(3), pages 791-802, June.
    58. Fred Glover & Jin-Kao Hao, 2011. "The case for strategic oscillation," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 183(1), pages 163-173, March.
    59. Manuel Iori & Silvano Martello, 2010. "Rejoinder on: Routing problems with loading constraints," TOP: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 18(1), pages 41-42, July.
    60. Marie-Eve Rancourt & Jean-François Cordeau & Gilbert Laporte, 2013. "Long-Haul Vehicle Routing and Scheduling with Working Hour Rules," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 47(1), pages 81-107, February.
    61. Yu, Bin & Yang, Zhong-Zhen & Yao, Baozhen, 2009. "An improved ant colony optimization for vehicle routing problem," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 196(1), pages 171-176, July.
    62. Terry Jones & Stephanie Forrest, 1995. "Fitness Distance Correlation as a Measure of Problem Difficulty for Genetic Algorithms," Working Papers 95-02-022, Santa Fe Institute.
    63. Jin, Jianyong & Crainic, Teodor Gabriel & Løkketangen, Arne, 2012. "A parallel multi-neighborhood cooperative tabu search for capacitated vehicle routing problems," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 222(3), pages 441-451.
    64. Voudouris, Christos & Tsang, Edward, 1999. "Guided local search and its application to the traveling salesman problem," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 113(2), pages 469-499, March.
    65. Lawrence D. Bodin & Lon Berman, 1979. "Routing and Scheduling of School Buses by Computer," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 13(2), pages 113-129, May.
    66. Jean-François Cordeau & Michel Gendreau & Alain Hertz & Gilbert Laporte & Jean-Sylvain Sormany, 2005. "New Heuristics for the Vehicle Routing Problem," Springer Books, in: André Langevin & Diane Riopel (ed.), Logistics Systems: Design and Optimization, chapter 0, pages 279-297, Springer.
    67. Dominique Feillet & Pierre Dejax & Michel Gendreau, 2005. "Traveling Salesman Problems with Profits," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 39(2), pages 188-205, May.
    68. Asvin Goel & Leendert Kok, 2012. "Truck Driver Scheduling in the United States," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 46(3), pages 317-326, August.
    69. F Alonso & M J Alvarez & J E Beasley, 2008. "A tabu search algorithm for the periodic vehicle routing problem with multiple vehicle trips and accessibility restrictions," Journal of the Operational Research Society, Palgrave Macmillan;The OR Society, vol. 59(7), pages 963-976, July.
    70. Gilbert Laporte, 2009. "Fifty Years of Vehicle Routing," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 43(4), pages 408-416, November.
    71. Paolo Toth & Daniele Vigo, 2003. "The Granular Tabu Search and Its Application to the Vehicle-Routing Problem," INFORMS Journal on Computing, INFORMS, vol. 15(4), pages 333-346, November.
    72. Van Breedam, Alex, 1995. "Improvement heuristics for the Vehicle Routing Problem based on simulated annealing," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 86(3), pages 480-490, November.
    73. Gajpal, Yuvraj & Abad, P.L., 2009. "Multi-ant colony system (MACS) for a vehicle routing problem with backhauls," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 196(1), pages 102-117, July.
    74. Chao, I-Ming & Golden, Bruce L. & Wasil, Edward A., 1996. "The team orienteering problem," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 88(3), pages 464-474, February.
    75. J-F Cordeau & G Laporte & A Mercier, 2001. "A unified tabu search heuristic for vehicle routing problems with time windows," Journal of the Operational Research Society, Palgrave Macmillan;The OR Society, vol. 52(8), pages 928-936, August.
    76. Martin W. P. Savelsbergh, 1992. "The Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows: Minimizing Route Duration," INFORMS Journal on Computing, INFORMS, vol. 4(2), pages 146-154, May.
    77. Fleszar, Krzysztof & Osman, Ibrahim H. & Hindi, Khalil S., 2009. "A variable neighbourhood search algorithm for the open vehicle routing problem," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 195(3), pages 803-809, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Lahyani, Rahma & Khemakhem, Mahdi & Semet, Frédéric, 2015. "Rich vehicle routing problems: From a taxonomy to a definition," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 241(1), pages 1-14.
    2. Vidal, Thibaut & Crainic, Teodor Gabriel & Gendreau, Michel & Prins, Christian, 2014. "A unified solution framework for multi-attribute vehicle routing problems," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 234(3), pages 658-673.
    3. Asvin Goel & Thibaut Vidal, 2014. "Hours of Service Regulations in Road Freight Transport: An Optimization-Based International Assessment," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 48(3), pages 391-412, August.
    4. Schmid, Verena & Doerner, Karl F. & Laporte, Gilbert, 2013. "Rich routing problems arising in supply chain management," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 224(3), pages 435-448.
    5. Qiuping Ni & Yuanxiang Tang, 2023. "A Bibliometric Visualized Analysis and Classification of Vehicle Routing Problem Research," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-37, April.
    6. Lai, David S.W. & Caliskan Demirag, Ozgun & Leung, Janny M.Y., 2016. "A tabu search heuristic for the heterogeneous vehicle routing problem on a multigraph," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 32-52.
    7. Bergmann, Felix M. & Wagner, Stephan M. & Winkenbach, Matthias, 2020. "Integrating first-mile pickup and last-mile delivery on shared vehicle routes for efficient urban e-commerce distribution," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 26-62.
    8. Henriette Koch & Andreas Bortfeldt & Gerhard Wäscher, 2018. "A hybrid algorithm for the vehicle routing problem with backhauls, time windows and three-dimensional loading constraints," OR Spectrum: Quantitative Approaches in Management, Springer;Gesellschaft für Operations Research e.V., vol. 40(4), pages 1029-1075, October.
    9. Ostermeier, Manuel, 2024. "The supply of convenience stores: Challenges of short-distance routing within the constraints of working time regulations," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 314(3), pages 997-1012.
    10. Gilbert Laporte, 2016. "Scheduling issues in vehicle routing," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 236(2), pages 463-474, January.
    11. Bortfeldt, Andreas & Hahn, Thomas & Männel, Dirk & Mönch, Lars, 2015. "Hybrid algorithms for the vehicle routing problem with clustered backhauls and 3D loading constraints," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 243(1), pages 82-96.
    12. Thibaut Vidal & Teodor Gabriel Crainic & Michel Gendreau & Nadia Lahrichi & Walter Rei, 2012. "A Hybrid Genetic Algorithm for Multidepot and Periodic Vehicle Routing Problems," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 60(3), pages 611-624, June.
    13. Nicolas Rincon-Garcia & Ben J. Waterson & Tom J. Cherrett, 2018. "Requirements from vehicle routing software: perspectives from literature, developers and the freight industry," Transport Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 38(1), pages 117-138, January.
    14. Gilbert Laporte, 2016. "Scheduling issues in vehicle routing," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 236(2), pages 463-474, January.
    15. Schneider, Michael & Schwahn, Fabian & Vigo, Daniele, 2017. "Designing granular solution methods for routing problems with time windows," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 263(2), pages 493-509.
    16. Schneider, Michael, 2016. "The vehicle-routing problem with time windows and driver-specific times," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 250(1), pages 101-119.
    17. Jean-Yves Potvin, 2009. "State-of-the Art Review ---Evolutionary Algorithms for Vehicle Routing," INFORMS Journal on Computing, INFORMS, vol. 21(4), pages 518-548, November.
    18. Liu, Ran & Jiang, Zhibin, 2012. "The close–open mixed vehicle routing problem," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 220(2), pages 349-360.
    19. Baals, Julian & Emde, Simon & Turkensteen, Marcel, 2023. "Minimizing earliness-tardiness costs in supplier networks—A just-in-time truck routing problem," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 306(2), pages 707-741.
    20. Michael Schneider & Andreas Stenger & Dominik Goeke, 2014. "The Electric Vehicle-Routing Problem with Time Windows and Recharging Stations," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 48(4), pages 500-520, November.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:ejores:v:231:y:2013:i:1:p:1-21. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/eor .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.