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The Swiss Landscape Monitoring Program – A comprehensive indicator set to measure landscape change

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  • Kienast, Felix
  • Frick, Jacqueline
  • van Strien, Maarten J.
  • Hunziker, Marcel

Abstract

Landscapes are unique resources for nature conservation, recreation, and tourism and are important for quality of life and people's place attachment. This makes the monitoring of physical landscape patterns as well as their perception by the local population imperative. The Swiss Landscape Monitoring Program LABES (abbreviation for German “Landschaftsbeobachtung Schweiz”) is an attempt to generate a comprehensive indicator set for high quality landscape assessments at the national scale. The monitoring is based on the driving force concept and the DPSIR framework (i.e. Driving force–Pressure–State–Impact–Response) proposed by the European Environmental Agency. Developed between 2008 and 2013, the indicator set allows analyzing the physical aspects of landscapes and – equally important – how local residents perceive the landscape in their municipality, e.g. its beauty, fascination or authenticity. At the moment only ca. 50% of the indicators are available as time series, which limits analysis of temporal trends. However, further time steps are planned. In this article we present the full set of indicators, perform a quality assessment, and exemplify some innovative indicators. The quality control includes correlation analysis between the indicators as well as a principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The aim is to test the indicators for geographical representativeness, collinearity, and possible overlap as well as to derive a reduced set of indicators that form an indispensable core set.

Suggested Citation

  • Kienast, Felix & Frick, Jacqueline & van Strien, Maarten J. & Hunziker, Marcel, 2015. "The Swiss Landscape Monitoring Program – A comprehensive indicator set to measure landscape change," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 295(C), pages 136-150.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ecomod:v:295:y:2015:i:c:p:136-150
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.08.008
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Jose Ramon Saura & Ana Reyes-Menendez & Cesar Alvarez-Alonso, 2018. "Do Online Comments Affect Environmental Management? Identifying Factors Related to Environmental Management and Sustainability of Hotels," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-20, August.
    2. Kienast, Felix & Huber, Nica & Hergert, Rico & Bolliger, Janine & Moran, Lorena Segura & Hersperger, Anna M., 2017. "Conflicts between decentralized renewable electricity production and landscape services – A spatially-explicit quantitative assessment for Switzerland," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 397-407.
    3. Piotr Krajewski, 2019. "Monitoring of Landscape Transformations within Landscape Parks in Poland in the 21st Century," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-22, April.
    4. Simona R. Grădinaru & Cristian Ioan Iojă & Ileana Pătru-Stupariu & Anna M. Hersperger, 2017. "Are Spatial Planning Objectives Reflected in the Evolution of Urban Landscape Patterns? A Framework for the Evaluation of Spatial Planning Outcomes," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(8), pages 1-17, July.
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    6. Ionuț-Alexandru Spânu & Alexandru Ozunu & Dacinia Crina Petrescu & Ruxandra Malina Petrescu-Mag, 2022. "A Comparative View of Agri-Environmental Indicators and Stakeholders’ Assessment of Their Quality," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-23, March.
    7. Egli, Thomas & Bolliger, Janine & Kienast, Felix, 2017. "Evaluating ecosystem service trade-offs with wind electricity production in Switzerland," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 863-875.
    8. Grete Stokstad & Wendy Fjellstad, 2019. "Experiences from a National Landscape Monitoring Programme—Maintaining Continuity Whilst Meeting Changing Demands and Opportunities," Land, MDPI, vol. 8(5), pages 1-15, April.
    9. Dongwoo Lee & Kyushik Oh, 2019. "The Green Infrastructure Assessment System (GIAS) and Its Applications for Urban Development and Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(14), pages 1-22, July.
    10. Belén Martín & Rosa Arce & Isabel Otero & Manuel Loro, 2018. "Visual Landscape Quality as Viewed from Motorways in Spain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-13, July.
    11. Linda Jridi & Chariton Kalaitzidis & Dimitrios D. Alexakis, 2023. "Quantitative Landscape Analysis Using Earth-Observation Data: An Example from Chania, Crete, Greece," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-24, May.
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    13. Xiaohan Zhang & Yuhao Fang & Guanting Zhang & Shi Cheng, 2024. "Exploring the Long-Term Changes in Visual Attributes of Urban Green Spaces Using Point Clouds," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-14, June.

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