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The impact of gender inequality in education on income in Africa and the Middle East

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  • Baliamoune–Lutz, Mina
  • McGillivray, Mark

Abstract

We use data for a group of sub-Saharan African, North African and Middle Eastern countries to explore the impact of gender inequality in education on levels of income per capita. Two gender inequality indicators are used: the gap in female to male primary education enrolment ratios and the gap in female to male secondary education enrolment ratios. Estimation results indicate that gender inequality in primary and secondary education has a statistically significant negative effect on income, especially in North African and Middle Eastern countries. In relatively open economies, gender inequality in education seems to have an additional effect, but this effect is consistently positive, suggesting that while trade contributes to higher income it may be accompanied by greater inequality. Overall, the results in this paper provide further evidence that the international development community's focus on reducing gender inequality and achieving universal primary education is well founded.

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  • Baliamoune–Lutz, Mina & McGillivray, Mark, 2015. "The impact of gender inequality in education on income in Africa and the Middle East," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 1-11.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ecmode:v:47:y:2015:i:c:p:1-11
    DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2014.11.031
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    3. Juliet Elu, 2018. "Gender and Science Education in Sub-Saharan Africa - Keynote address at the African Development Bank/African Finance and Economic Association Luncheon, Chicago, January 7, 2017," Journal of African Development, African Finance and Economic Association (AFEA), vol. 20(2), pages 105-110.
    4. Roy, Sutanuka & Singh, Prakarsh, 2016. "Gender Bias in Education during Conflict: Evidence from Assam," IZA Discussion Papers 10092, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
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    7. Guarini, Giulio & Laureti, Tiziana & Garofalo, Giuseppe, 2018. "Territorial and individual educational inequality: A Capability Approach analysis for Italy," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 247-262.
    8. Ho Thi Hoa & Pham Van Hieu & Nguyen Thanh Thao & Hoang Hai Ninh & Le Thi Thuy, 2020. "Research on Income Inequality by Gender in Vietnam," International Journal of Human Resource Studies, Macrothink Institute, vol. 10(3), pages 206222-2062, December.
    9. Wang, Qingbin & Zou, Yang & Fan, Dan, 2019. "Gender imbalance in China’s marriage migration: Quantitative evidence and policy implications," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 406-414.
    10. Amaia Altuzarra & Catalina Gálvez-Gálvez & Ana González-Flores, 2021. "Is Gender Inequality a Barrier to Economic Growth? A Panel Data Analysis of Developing Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-21, January.
    11. Carla Canelas & Rachel M. Gisselquist, 2018. "Horizontal inequality as a dependent variable," WIDER Working Paper Series 70, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
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    13. Rim Berahab & Zineb Bouba & Pierre-Richard Agénor, 2017. "Egalité de genre, politiques publiques et croissance économique au Maroc," Books & Reports, Policy Center for the New South, number 18.
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    15. Serap Bedir Kara & Aysegul Coskun, 2020. "The Impact of Gender Inequalities in Education on Income Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)," Eurasian Journal of Social Sciences, Eurasian Publications, vol. 8(4), pages 148-162.
    16. Nguyen, Canh Phuc, 2022. "Uncertainty and gender inequality: A global investigation," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 31-47.
    17. Gihoon Hong & Soyoung Kim & Geunhwan Park & Seung-Gyu Sim, 2019. "Female Education Externality and Inclusive Growth," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-12, June.
    18. Prakarsh Singh & Sutanuka Roy, 2016. "Gender Bias in Education During Conflict Evidence from Assam," NCID Working Papers 09/2016, Navarra Center for International Development, University of Navarra.
    19. Kanwal, Ayesha & Munir, Kashif, 2015. "The Impact of Educational and Gender Inequality on Income Inequality in South Asia," MPRA Paper 66661, University Library of Munich, Germany.
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