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Direct-use of geothermal energy in the USA

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  • Lund, John W.

Abstract

The direct utilization of geothermal energy in the United States includes the heating of pools and spas, greenhouses and aquaculture facilities, space heating and district heating, snow melting, agricultural drying, industrial applications and ground-source heat pumps. The installed capacity is 4200 MWt and the annual energy use is 21,700 TJ (6040 GWh). The largest application is ground-source (geothermal) heat pumps (59% of the energy use), and the largest direct-use for is in aquaculture. Direct utilization is increasing at about eight percent per year. A US Department of Energy program, GeoPowering the West, has been formulated to expand the production and use of geothermal electricity and heat in the western United States.

Suggested Citation

  • Lund, John W., 2003. "Direct-use of geothermal energy in the USA," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 74(1-2), pages 33-42, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:74:y:2003:i:1-2:p:33-42
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Aljundi, K. & Figueiredo, A. & Vieira, A. & Lapa, J. & Cardoso, R., 2024. "Geothermal energy system application: From basic standard performance to sustainability reflection," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).
    2. Michopoulos, [alpha]. & [Kappa]yriakis, [Nu]., 2009. "Predicting the fluid temperature at the exit of the vertical ground heat exchangers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(10), pages 2065-2070, October.
    3. Ozgener, Leyla, 2011. "A review on the experimental and analytical analysis of earth to air heat exchanger (EAHE) systems in Turkey," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(9), pages 4483-4490.
    4. Daemi, Negar & Krol, Magdalena M., 2019. "Impact of building thermal load on the developed thermal plumes of a multi-borehole GSHP system in different canadian climates," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 550-557.
    5. García-Gil, Alejandro & Muela Maya, Sylvia & Garrido Schneider, Eduardo & Mejías Moreno, Miguel & Vázquez-Suñé, Enric & Marazuela, Miguel Ángel & Mateo Lázaro, Jesús & Sánchez-Navarro, José Ángel, 2019. "Sustainability indicator for the prevention of potential thermal interferences between groundwater heat pump systems in urban aquifers," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 14-24.
    6. Ozgener, Onder & Hepbasli, Arif, 2007. "A review on the energy and exergy analysis of solar assisted heat pump systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 11(3), pages 482-496, April.
    7. Man, Yi & Yang, Hongxing & Wang, Jinggang & Fang, Zhaohong, 2012. "In situ operation performance test of ground coupled heat pump system for cooling and heating provision in temperate zone," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 913-920.
    8. Fan, Rui & Jiang, Yiqiang & Yao, Yang & Ma, Zuiliang, 2008. "Theoretical study on the performance of an integrated ground-source heat pump system in a whole year," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 33(11), pages 1671-1679.
    9. Aira, Roberto & Fernández-Seara, José & Diz, Rubén & Pardiñas, Ángel Á., 2017. "Experimental analysis of a ground source heat pump in a residential installation after two years in operation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(PB), pages 1214-1223.
    10. Jae-Ki Byun & Dong-Hwa Jeong & Young-Don Choi & Jong-Keun Shin, 2013. "Analysis of Fuel Cell Driven Ground Source Heat Pump Systems in Community Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 6(5), pages 1-18, May.
    11. Sebarchievici, Calin & Sarbu, Ioan, 2015. "Performance of an experimental ground-coupled heat pump system for heating, cooling and domestic hot-water operation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 148-159.

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