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Effects of electric vehicles (EV) on environmental loads with consideration of regional differences of electric power generation and charging characteristic of EV users in Japan

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  • Nansai, Keisuke
  • Tohno, Susumu
  • Kono, Motoki
  • Kasahara, Mikio

Abstract

In order to evaluate the reduction effect of electric vehicles (EVs) on various atmospheric environmental loads, we have performed a life-cycle inventory analysis (LCI), including the installation of charging stations and regional, seasonal and temporal difference of the energy mix of electricity generation. For an EV converted from a small gasoline vehicle, a regional LCI analysis was carried out in the following steps: (1) location of the charging stations, (2) modeling of charging characteristics of station users, (3) calculation of temporal life-cycle emission intensities of CO2, NOx and SOx by region, season and day. Assuming that total traveling distance is 100,000 km, the electricity consumption rate is 0.119 kWh/km and the charging/discharging efficiency is 70%, the average life-cycle emission of CO2 for that EV was 3.6 t-C throughout Japan. However, if we took regional difference into account, the emission ranged over 70-160% of the average amount. It was revealed that the regional difference of the primary energy mix significantly affected the emissions of EVs during the operation phase.

Suggested Citation

  • Nansai, Keisuke & Tohno, Susumu & Kono, Motoki & Kasahara, Mikio, 2002. "Effects of electric vehicles (EV) on environmental loads with consideration of regional differences of electric power generation and charging characteristic of EV users in Japan," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 71(2), pages 111-125, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:71:y:2002:i:2:p:111-125
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    1. Chi, Yuanying & Xu, Weiyue & Xiao, Meng & Wang, Zhengzao & Zhang, Xufeng & Chen, Yahui, 2023. "Fuel-cycle based environmental and economic assessment of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
    2. Veneri, Ottorino & Capasso, Clemente & Iannuzzi, Diego, 2016. "Experimental evaluation of DC charging architecture for fully-electrified low-power two-wheeler," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 1428-1438.
    3. Xiaowei Song & Yongpei Hao, 2019. "Vehicular Emission Inventory and Reduction Scenario Analysis in the Yangtze River Delta, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-21, November.
    4. Sousa, Tiago & Morais, Hugo & Soares, João & Vale, Zita, 2012. "Day-ahead resource scheduling in smart grids considering Vehicle-to-Grid and network constraints," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 183-193.
    5. Schlund, David & Theile, Philipp, 2021. "Simultaneity of green energy and hydrogen production: Analysing the dispatch of a grid-connected electrolyser," EWI Working Papers 2021-10, Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universitaet zu Koeln (EWI).
    6. Schlund, David & Theile, Philipp, 2022. "Simultaneity of green energy and hydrogen production: Analysing the dispatch of a grid-connected electrolyser," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
    7. Rupp, Matthias & Handschuh, Nils & Rieke, Christian & Kuperjans, Isabel, 2019. "Contribution of country-specific electricity mix and charging time to environmental impact of battery electric vehicles: A case study of electric buses in Germany," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C), pages 618-634.
    8. He, Yongxiu & Zhang, Qi & Pang, Yuexia, 2017. "The development pattern design of Chinese electric vehicles based on the analysis of the critical price of the life cycle cost," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 382-388.
    9. Zhang, Qi & Mclellan, Benjamin C. & Tezuka, Tetsuo & Ishihara, Keiichi N., 2013. "An integrated model for long-term power generation planning toward future smart electricity systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 1424-1437.
    10. Li, Ying & Davis, Chris & Lukszo, Zofia & Weijnen, Margot, 2016. "Electric vehicle charging in China’s power system: Energy, economic and environmental trade-offs and policy implications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 535-554.
    11. Capasso, Clemente & Veneri, Ottorino, 2015. "Experimental study of a DC charging station for full electric and plug in hybrid vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 131-142.
    12. Wang, Renjie & Wu, Ye & Ke, Wenwei & Zhang, Shaojun & Zhou, Boya & Hao, Jiming, 2015. "Can propulsion and fuel diversity for the bus fleet achieve the win–win strategy of energy conservation and environmental protection?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 92-103.
    13. Robin Smit & Daniel William Kennedy, 2022. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Performance of Electric and Fossil-Fueled Passenger Vehicles with Uncertainty Estimates Using a Probabilistic Life-Cycle Assessment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-29, March.
    14. Zhou, Boya & Wu, Ye & Zhou, Bin & Wang, Renjie & Ke, Wenwei & Zhang, Shaojun & Hao, Jiming, 2016. "Real-world performance of battery electric buses and their life-cycle benefits with respect to energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 603-613.
    15. Ramadhani, Farah & Hussain, M.A. & Mokhlis, Hazlie & Fazly, Muhamad & Ali, Jarinah Mohd., 2019. "Evaluation of solid oxide fuel cell based polygeneration system in residential areas integrating with electric charging and hydrogen fueling stations for vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C), pages 1373-1388.

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