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Large CO2 Sinks: Their role in the mitigation of greenhouse gases from an international, national (Canadian) and provincial (Alberta) perspective

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  • Gunter, W. D.
  • Wong, S.
  • Cheel, D. B.
  • Sjostrom, G.

Abstract

Significant reduction of CO2 emissions on a global scale may be achieved by reduction of energy intensity, by reduction of carbon intensity or by capture and storage of CO2. A portfolio of these methods is required to achieve the large reductions required; of which utilization of carbon sinks (i.e. material, geosphere and biosphere) will be an important player. Material sinks will probably only play a minor role as compared to biosphere and geosphere sinks in storage of CO2. Biosphere sinks are attractive because they can sequester CO2 from a diffuse source whereas geosphere sinks require a pure waste stream of CO2 (obtained by using expensive separation methods). On the other hand, environmental factors and storage time favor geosphere sinks. It is expected that a combination of the two will be used in order to meet emission reduction targets over the next 100 yr. A critical look is taken at capacities, retention/residence times, rates of uptake and relative cost of utilization of biosphere and geosphere sinks at three scales - global, national (Canada) and provincial (Alberta). Biosphere sinks considered are oceans, forests and soils. Geosphere sinks considered are enhanced oil recovery, coal beds, depleted oil and gas reservoirs and deep aquifers. The largest sinks are oceans and deep aquifers. The other biosphere and geosphere sinks have total capacities approximately of an order of lower magnitude. The sinks that will probably be used first are those that are economically viable such as enhanced oil-recovery, agriculture, forestry and possibly enhanced coalbed methane-recovery. The other sinks will be used when these options have been exhausted or are not available or a penalty (e.g. carbon tax) exists. Although the data tabulated for these sinks is only regarded as preliminary, it provides a starting point for assessment of the role of large sinks in meeting greenhouse gas emission reduction targets.

Suggested Citation

  • Gunter, W. D. & Wong, S. & Cheel, D. B. & Sjostrom, G., 1998. "Large CO2 Sinks: Their role in the mitigation of greenhouse gases from an international, national (Canadian) and provincial (Alberta) perspective," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 61(4), pages 209-227, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:61:y:1998:i:4:p:209-227
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. G. Cornelis van Kooten & Louise M. Arthur & W. R. Wilson, 1992. "Potential to Sequester Carbon in Canadian Forests: Some Economic Considerations," Canadian Public Policy, University of Toronto Press, vol. 18(2), pages 127-138, June.
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    1. Ningning Zhao & Tianfu Xu & Kairan Wang & Hailong Tian & Fugang Wang, 2018. "Experimental study of physical‐chemical properties modification of coal after CO2 sequestration in deep unmineable coal seams," Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 8(3), pages 510-528, June.
    2. Tang, Chao & Zhou, Wen & Chen, Zhangxin & Wei, Jiabao, 2023. "Numerical simulation of CO2 sequestration in shale gas reservoirs at reservoir scale coupled with enhanced gas recovery," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    3. You, Junyu & Ampomah, William & Sun, Qian, 2020. "Co-optimizing water-alternating-carbon dioxide injection projects using a machine learning assisted computational framework," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 279(C).
    4. Leimbrink, Mathias & Sandkämper, Stephanie & Wardhaugh, Leigh & Maher, Dan & Green, Phil & Puxty, Graeme & Conway, Will & Bennett, Robert & Botma, Henk & Feron, Paul & Górak, Andrzej & Skiborowski, Mi, 2017. "Energy-efficient solvent regeneration in enzymatic reactive absorption for carbon dioxide capture," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 208(C), pages 263-276.
    5. Xie, Qiyuan & Tu, Ran & Jiang, Xi & Li, Kang & Zhou, Xuejin, 2014. "The leakage behavior of supercritical CO2 flow in an experimental pipeline system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 574-580.
    6. Cui, Guodong & Zhang, Liang & Ren, Bo & Enechukwu, Chioma & Liu, Yanmin & Ren, Shaoran, 2016. "Geothermal exploitation from depleted high temperature gas reservoirs via recycling supercritical CO2: Heat mining rate and salt precipitation effects," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 837-852.
    7. Yen Adams Sokama‐Neuyam & Jann Rune Ursin, 2018. "The coupled effect of salt precipitation and fines mobilization on CO2 injectivity in sandstone," Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 8(6), pages 1066-1078, December.
    8. Ferng, Jiun-Jiun, 2003. "Allocating the responsibility of CO2 over-emissions from the perspectives of benefit principle and ecological deficit," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 46(1), pages 121-141, August.
    9. Liu, Zhengdong & Lin, Xiaosong & Zhu, Wancheng & Hu, Ze & Hao, Congmeng & Su, Weiwei & Bai, Gang, 2023. "Effects of coal permeability rebound and recovery phenomenon on CO2 storage capacity under different coalbed temperature conditions during CO2-ECBM process," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    10. Biggs, Jeffrey & Laaksonen-Craig, Susanna, 2004. "Viability Of Carbon Offset Generating Projects In Boreal Ontario," Working Papers 18162, University of Victoria, Resource Economics and Policy.
    11. Dai, Zhenxue & Zhang, Ye & Bielicki, Jeffrey & Amooie, Mohammad Amin & Zhang, Mingkan & Yang, Changbing & Zou, Youqin & Ampomah, William & Xiao, Ting & Jia, Wei & Middleton, Richard & Zhang, Wen & Sun, 2018. "Heterogeneity-assisted carbon dioxide storage in marine sediments," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C), pages 876-883.
    12. Luo, Feng & Xu, Rui-Na & Jiang, Pei-Xue, 2013. "Numerical investigation of the influence of vertical permeability heterogeneity in stratified formation and of injection/production well perforation placement on CO2 geological storage with enhanced C," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 1314-1323.
    13. Kim, Youngmin & Jang, Hochang & Kim, Junggyun & Lee, Jeonghwan, 2017. "Prediction of storage efficiency on CO2 sequestration in deep saline aquifers using artificial neural network," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P1), pages 916-928.
    14. Ampomah, W. & Balch, R.S. & Cather, M. & Will, R. & Gunda, D. & Dai, Z. & Soltanian, M.R., 2017. "Optimum design of CO2 storage and oil recovery under geological uncertainty," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 80-92.

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