A tri-level control framework for carbon-aware multi-energy microgrid cluster considering shared hydrogen energy storage

Modern power systems are progressively adopting power-to-gas-based energy storage systems as a standard approach to satisfy their energy requirements. These shared energy storage systems are poised to become a crucial component for future power networks. This paper proposes a novel multi-layer control for microgrid cluster connected to the shared hydrogen energy system. The proposed method involves tertiary, secondary, and primary control layers. A bi-layer optimization configuration method is proposed for tertiary and secondary energy management. The tertiary layer optimizes hydrogen trading among the microgrids and the grid, while the secondary layer ensures cost-effective and low-carbon operation for each microgrid. At the primary level, a modified super-twisting sliding mode controller based on fast-reaching law is used for real-time stability and efficient tracking control. To reduce computational efforts at the primary layer, an intelligent event-triggered framework is introduced. To validate the proposed model, a sophisticated simulation framework has been developed. Hardware-in-the-loop tests have also been conducted to confirm its real-world feasibility. The proposed framework demonstrates promising carbon-aware performance and real-time stability, with an average carbon intensity of 0.0403 kgCO2/kWh and a bus voltage tracking accuracy of 99.984 %.