IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v368y2024ics0306261924008158.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Asymmetric spillover and network connectedness of policy uncertainty, fossil fuel energy, and global ESG investment

Author

Listed:
  • Lin, Ling
  • Jiang, Yong
  • Zhou, Zhongbao

Abstract

This study investigates the asymmetric spillover network connectedness of policy uncertainty, the fossil fuel energy market, and global ESG investment by using a time-frequency domain analysis. The study employs a time-varying filter for the empirical mode decomposition method and Pearson correlation coefficient to distinguish signals' dynamic frequency and amplitude. We combine a two-state fractionally integrated asymmetric power autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity with asymmetric time-varying parameter vector autoregression and vector autoregression-common factor variance decomposition. The Vector Auto Regression-common factor model is also considered. The results demonstrate that when the economy runs smoothly, risks originating from the natural gas market have indirect spillover effects on emerging economies' ESG investment. When normal economic fluctuations occur, risks arising from fossil fuel energy markets and US climate policy uncertainty exert separate direct and indirect spillovers to the global ESG investment. Second, when the economy declines, different types of spillovers occur from US economic policy uncertainty (EPU) to global ESG investment. During the recession, greater risks in the crude oil market and the uncertainty in China's economic policy caused separate indirect spillovers to advanced economies' ESG investment. Third, with the continuous occurrence of irregular events, asymmetric spillovers can originate from the natural gas market and US EPU. When extreme events occur, positive risks from China's economic policy can be indirectly transmitted to emerging economies' ESG investment, while negative risks from the US monetary policy can be directly transferred to global ESG investment. Finally, the crude oil market can directly transmit an idiosyncratic risk to global ESG investment.

Suggested Citation

  • Lin, Ling & Jiang, Yong & Zhou, Zhongbao, 2024. "Asymmetric spillover and network connectedness of policy uncertainty, fossil fuel energy, and global ESG investment," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 368(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:368:y:2024:i:c:s0306261924008158
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123432
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261924008158
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123432?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Liu, Li-Jing & Yao, Yun-Fei & Liang, Qiao-Mei & Qian, Xiang-Yan & Xu, Chun-Lei & Wei, Si-Yi & Creutzig, Felix & Wei, Yi-Ming, 2021. "Combining economic recovery with climate change mitigation: A global evaluation of financial instruments," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 438-453.
    2. Pham, Linh & Nguyen, Canh Phuc, 2022. "How do stock, oil, and economic policy uncertainty influence the green bond market?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 45(C).
    3. Diebold, Francis X. & Yılmaz, Kamil, 2014. "On the network topology of variance decompositions: Measuring the connectedness of financial firms," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 182(1), pages 119-134.
    4. Yousaf, Imran & Mensi, Walid & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2024. "Dynamic spillovers and connectedness between crude oil and green bond markets," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    5. Wang, Xiong & Li, Jingyao & Ren, Xiaohang, 2022. "Asymmetric causality of economic policy uncertainty and oil volatility index on time-varying nexus of the clean energy, carbon and green bond," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    6. Viral V. Acharya & Lasse H. Pedersen & Thomas Philippon & Matthew Richardson, 2017. "Measuring Systemic Risk," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 30(1), pages 2-47.
    7. Çiğdem Vural‐Yavaş, 2021. "Economic policy uncertainty, stakeholder engagement, and environmental, social, and governance practices: The moderating effect of competition," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 28(1), pages 82-102, January.
    8. Berkmen, S. Pelin & Gelos, Gaston & Rennhack, Robert & Walsh, James P., 2012. "The global financial crisis: Explaining cross-country differences in the output impact," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(1), pages 42-59.
    9. Abuka, Charles & Alinda, Ronnie K. & Minoiu, Camelia & Peydró, José-Luis & Presbitero, Andrea F., 2019. "Monetary Policy and Bank Lending in Developing Countries: Loan Applications, Rates, and Real Effects," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 139, pages 185-202.
    10. Aloui, Riadh & Aïssa, Mohamed Safouane Ben & Nguyen, Duc Khuong, 2011. "Global financial crisis, extreme interdependences, and contagion effects: The role of economic structure?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(1), pages 130-141, January.
    11. Altig, Dave & Baker, Scott & Barrero, Jose Maria & Bloom, Nicholas & Bunn, Philip & Chen, Scarlet & Davis, Steven J. & Leather, Julia & Meyer, Brent & Mihaylov, Emil & Mizen, Paul & Parker, Nicholas &, 2020. "Economic uncertainty before and during the COVID-19 pandemic," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    12. Banerjee, Ameet Kumar & Özer, Zeynep Sueda & Rahman, Molla Ramizur & Sensoy, Ahmet, 2024. "How does the time-varying dynamics of spillover between clean and brown energy ETFs change with the intervention of climate risk and climate policy uncertainty?," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 93(PA), pages 442-468.
    13. Lundgren, Amanda Ivarsson & Milicevic, Adriana & Uddin, Gazi Salah & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2018. "Connectedness network and dependence structure mechanism in green investments," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 145-153.
    14. Umar, Zaghum & Kenourgios, Dimitris & Papathanasiou, Sypros, 2020. "The static and dynamic connectedness of environmental, social, and governance investments: International evidence," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 112-124.
    15. Wu, Ruirui & Qin, Zhongfeng, 2024. "Asymmetric volatility spillovers among new energy, ESG, green bond and carbon markets," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    16. Pham, Linh & Huynh, Toan Luu Duc & Hanif, Waqas, 2023. "Time-varying asymmetric spillovers among cryptocurrency, green and fossil-fuel investments," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    17. Rehman, Mobeen Ur & Ahmad, Nasir & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2022. "Asymmetric multifractal behaviour and network connectedness between socially responsible stocks and international oil before and during COVID-19," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 587(C).
    18. Su, Chi-Wei & Yuan, Xi & Tao, Ran & Shao, Xuefeng, 2022. "Time and frequency domain connectedness analysis of the energy transformation under climate policy," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
    19. Huang, Jianbai & Dong, Xuesong & Zhang, Hongwei & Liu, Jia & Gao, Wang, 2022. "Dynamic and frequency-domain spillover among within and cross-country policy uncertainty, crude oil and gold market: Evidence from US and China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    20. Peng, Daoju & Colak, Gonul & Shen, Jianfu, 2023. "Lean against the wind: The effect of policy uncertainty on a firm's corporate social responsibility strategy," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    21. da Silva, Cleomar Gomes & Vieira, Flávio Vilela, 2017. "Monetary and fiscal policy in advanced and developing countries: An analysis before and after the financial crisis," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 13-20.
    22. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Sinha, Avik & Raghutla, Chandrashekar & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2022. "Decomposing scale and technique effects of financial development and foreign direct investment on renewable energy consumption," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PB).
    23. Cheng, Zhonghua & Li, Xiang & Wang, Meixiao, 2021. "Resource curse and green economic growth," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    24. Tanveer Ahsan & Muhammad Azeem Qureshi, 2021. "The nexus between policy uncertainty, sustainability disclosure and firm performance," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 53(4), pages 441-453, January.
    25. Wang, Kai-Hua & Wang, Zu-Shan & Yunis, Manal & Kchouri, Bilal, 2023. "Spillovers and connectedness among climate policy uncertainty, energy, green bond and carbon markets: A global perspective," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    26. Xia, Yufei & Shi, Zhengxu & Du, Xiaoying & Niu, Mengyi & Cai, Rongjiang, 2023. "Can green assets hedge against economic policy uncertainty? Evidence from China with portfolio implications," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 55(PA).
    27. Mutezo, G. & Mulopo, J., 2021. "A review of Africa's transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy using circular economy principles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    28. Ren, Xiaohang & Li, Jingyao & He, Feng & Lucey, Brian, 2023. "Impact of climate policy uncertainty on traditional energy and green markets: Evidence from time-varying granger tests," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    29. Patro, Dilip K. & Qi, Min & Sun, Xian, 2013. "A simple indicator of systemic risk," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 9(1), pages 105-116.
    30. Miao, Ke & Phillips, Peter C.B. & Su, Liangjun, 2023. "High-dimensional VARs with common factors," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 233(1), pages 155-183.
    31. Mokni, Khaled & Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Ajmi, Ahdi Noomen & Youssef, Manel, 2020. "Does economic policy uncertainty drive the dynamic connectedness between oil price shocks and gold price?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    32. Ji, Qiang & Liu, Bing-Yue & Nehler, Henrik & Uddin, Gazi Salah, 2018. "Uncertainties and extreme risk spillover in the energy markets: A time-varying copula-based CoVaR approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 115-126.
    33. Doğan, Buhari & Trabelsi, Nader & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Ghosh, Sudeshna, 2023. "Dynamic dependence and causality between crude oil, green bonds, commodities, geopolitical risks, and policy uncertainty," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 36-62.
    34. Cheng, Sheng & Deng, MingJie & Liang, Ruibin & Cao, Yan, 2023. "Asymmetric volatility spillover among global oil, gold, and Chinese sectors in the presence of major emergencies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    35. Cepni, Oguzhan & Demirer, Riza & Pham, Linh & Rognone, Lavinia, 2023. "Climate uncertainty and information transmissions across the conventional and ESG assets," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    36. Engle, Robert F, 1982. "Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity with Estimates of the Variance of United Kingdom Inflation," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 50(4), pages 987-1007, July.
    37. Lucey, Brian & Ren, Boru, 2023. "Time-varying tail risk connectedness among sustainability-related products and fossil energy investments," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    38. Meng, Yue & Wu, Haoyue & Wang, Yunchen & Duan, Yinying, 2022. "International trade diversification, green innovation, and consumption-based carbon emissions: The role of renewable energy for sustainable development in BRICST countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C), pages 1243-1253.
    39. Wang, Jialu & Mishra, Shekhar & Sharif, Arshian & Chen, Huangen, 2024. "Dynamic spillover connectedness among green finance and policy uncertainty: Evidence from QVAR network approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    40. Uddin, Gazi Salah & Luo, Tianqi & Yahya, Muhammad & Jayasekera, Ranadeva & Rahman, Md Lutfur & Okhrin, Yarema, 2023. "Risk network of global energy markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    41. Yang, Ming-Yuan & Chen, Zhanghangjian & Liang, Zongzheng & Li, Sai-Ping, 2023. "Dynamic and asymmetric connectedness in the global “Carbon-Energy-Stock” system under shocks from exogenous events," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 32(C).
    42. Jonas Meckling & Bentley B. Allan, 2020. "The evolution of ideas in global climate policy," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 10(5), pages 434-438, May.
    43. Xiuwen Chen & Xiaolei Sun & Jun Wang, 2019. "Dynamic Spillover Effect Between Oil Prices and Economic Policy Uncertainty in BRIC Countries: A Wavelet-Based Approach," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 55(12), pages 2703-2717, September.
    44. Lucey, Brian & Yahya, Muhammad & Khoja, Layla & Uddin, Gazi Salah & Ahmed, Ali, 2024. "Interconnectedness and risk profile of hydrogen against major asset classes," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    45. Urom, Christian & Ndubuisi, Gideon, 2023. "Do geopolitical risks and global market factors influence the dynamic dependence among regional sustainable investments and major commodities?," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 94-111.
    46. Long, Shaobo & Tian, Hao & Li, Zixuan, 2022. "Dynamic spillovers between uncertainties and green bond markets in the US, Europe, and China: Evidence from the quantile VAR framework," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    47. Diebold, Francis X. & Yilmaz, Kamil, 2012. "Better to give than to receive: Predictive directional measurement of volatility spillovers," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 28(1), pages 57-66.
    48. Malik, Farooq & Umar, Zaghum, 2024. "Quantile connectedness of oil price shocks with socially responsible investments," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    49. Li, Chao & Wu, Mian & Chen, Xi & Huang, Wenli, 2022. "Environmental, social and governance performance, corporate transparency, and credit rating: Some evidence from Chinese A-share listed companies," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    50. Wang, Kai-Hua & Kan, Jia-Min & Qiu, Lianhong & Xu, Shulin, 2023. "Climate policy uncertainty, oil price and agricultural commodity: From quantile and time perspective," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 256-272.
    51. Wang, Jiqian & Li, Liang, 2023. "Climate risk and Chinese stock volatility forecasting: Evidence from ESG index," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 55(PA).
    52. Yousaf, Imran & Patel, Ritesh & Yarovaya, Larisa, 2022. "The reaction of G20+ stock markets to the Russia–Ukraine conflict “black-swan” event: Evidence from event study approach," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(C).
    53. Hanif, Waqas & Teplova, Tamara & Rodina, Victoria & Alomari, Mohammed & Mensi, Walid, 2023. "Volatility spillovers and frequency dependence between oil price shocks and green stock markets," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PB).
    54. Nikolaos Antonakakis & Ioannis Chatziantoniou & David Gabauer, 2020. "Refined Measures of Dynamic Connectedness based on Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregressions," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-23, April.
    55. Lorente, Daniel Balsalobre & Mohammed, Kamel Si & Cifuentes-Faura, Javier & Shahzad, Umer, 2023. "Dynamic connectedness among climate change index, green financial assets and renewable energy markets: Novel evidence from sustainable development perspective," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 94-105.
    56. Shahzad, Umer & Ghaemi Asl, Mahdi & Tedeschi, Marco, 2023. "Is there any market state-dependent contribution from Blockchain-enabled solutions to ESG investments? Evidence from conventional and Islamic ESG stocks," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 139-154.
    57. Hashemizadeh, Ali & Bui, Quocviet & Kongbuamai, Nattapan, 2021. "Unpacking the role of public debt in renewable energy consumption: New insights from the emerging countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    58. Song, Chao & Wang, Tao & Chen, Xiaohong & Shao, Quanxi & Zhang, Xianqi, 2023. "Ensemble framework for daily carbon dioxide emissions forecasting based on the signal decomposition–reconstruction model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 345(C).
    59. Huynh, Nhan & Dao, Anh & Nguyen, Dat, 2021. "Openness, economic uncertainty, government responses, and international financial market performance during the coronavirus pandemic," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(C).
    60. Tang, Yumei & Chen, Xihui Haviour & Sarker, Provash Kumer & Baroudi, Sarra, 2023. "Asymmetric effects of geopolitical risks and uncertainties on green bond markets," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    61. Dai, Zhifeng & Zhu, Haoyang, 2023. "Dynamic risk spillover among crude oil, economic policy uncertainty and Chinese financial sectors," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 421-450.
    62. Apostolakis, George N. & Floros, Christos & Gkillas, Konstantinos & Wohar, Mark, 2021. "Financial stress, economic policy uncertainty, and oil price uncertainty," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 104(C).
    63. Yang, Lisha & Ni, Mengying, 2022. "Is financial development beneficial to improve the efficiency of green development? Evidence from the “Belt and Road” countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 105(C).
    64. Ben S. Bernanke, 2020. "The New Tools of Monetary Policy," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 110(4), pages 943-983, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Lei, Heng & Xue, Minggao & Ye, Jing, 2024. "The nexus between ReFi, carbon, fossil energy, and clean energy assets: Quantile time–frequency connectedness and portfolio implications," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
    2. Lu, Xunfa & Huang, Nan & Mo, Jianlei & Ye, Zhitao, 2023. "Dynamics of the return and volatility connectedness among green finance markets during the COVID-19 pandemic," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    3. Niu, Hongli & Hu, Wenwen, 2024. "Static and dynamic interdependencies among natural gas, stocks of global major economies and uncertainty," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    4. Soni, Rajat Kumar & Nandan, Tanuj & Sawarn, Ujjawal, 2024. "Investment modeling between energy futures and responsible investment," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(PB).
    5. Wu, Jiawen & Li, Jing-Ping & Su, Chi-Wei, 2024. "Can green bond hedges climate policy uncertainty in the United States: New insights from novel time-varying causality and quantile-on-quantile methods?," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 1158-1176.
    6. Pham, Son D. & Nguyen, Thao T.T. & Do, Hung X., 2024. "Impact of climate policy uncertainty on return spillover among green assets and portfolio implications," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    7. Mensi, Walid & Selmi, Refk & Al-Kharusi, Sami & Belghouthi, Houssem Eddine & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2024. "Connectedness between green bonds, conventional bonds, oil, heating oil, natural gas, and petrol: new evidence during bear and bull market scenarios," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    8. Polat, Onur & Ozcan, Burcu & Ertuğrul, Hasan Murat & Atılgan, Emre & Özün, Alper, 2024. "Fintech: A Conduit for sustainability and renewable energy? Evidence from R2 connectedness analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    9. Liang, Chao & Goodell, John W. & Li, Xiafei, 2024. "Impacts of carbon market and climate policy uncertainties on financial and economic stability: Evidence from connectedness network analysis," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    10. Hoque, Mohammad Enamul & Soo-Wah, Low & Billah, Mabruk, 2023. "Time-frequency connectedness and spillover among carbon, climate, and energy futures: Determinants and portfolio risk management implications," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 127(PB).
    11. Lang, Chunlin & Hu, Yang & Corbet, Shaen & Hou, Yang (Greg), 2024. "Tail risk connectedness in G7 stock markets: Understanding the impact of COVID-19 and related variants," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 41(C).
    12. Li, Jingpeng & Umar, Muhammad & Huo, Jiale, 2023. "The spillover effect between Chinese crude oil futures market and Chinese green energy stock market," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    13. Umar, Zaghum & Riaz, Yasir & Aharon, David Y., 2022. "Network connectedness dynamics of the yield curve of G7 countries," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 275-288.
    14. Long, Shaobo & Li, Zixuan, 2023. "Dynamic spillover effects of global financial stress: Evidence from the quantile VAR network," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    15. Wu, Ruirui & Qin, Zhongfeng, 2024. "Asymmetric volatility spillovers among new energy, ESG, green bond and carbon markets," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    16. Chen, Huayi & Shi, Huai-Long & Zhou, Wei-Xing, 2024. "Carbon volatility connectedness and the role of external uncertainties: Evidence from China," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 33(C).
    17. Lei, Heng & Xue, Minggao & Liu, Huiling & Ye, Jing, 2023. "Precious metal as a safe haven for global ESG stocks: Portfolio implications for socially responsible investing," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    18. Khalfaoui, Rabeh & Stef, Nicolae & Wissal, Ben Arfi & Sami, Ben Jabeur, 2022. "Dynamic spillover effects and connectedness among climate change, technological innovation, and uncertainty: Evidence from a quantile VAR network and wavelet coherence," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 181(C).
    19. Ghaemi Asl, Mahdi & Ben Jabeur, Sami, 2024. "Could the Russia-Ukraine war stir up the persistent memory of interconnectivity among Islamic equity markets, energy commodities, and environmental factors?," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    20. Iqbal, Najaf & Umar, Zaghum & Ruman, Asif M. & Jiang, Shaohua, 2024. "The term structure of yield curve and connectedness among ESG investments," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(PA).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:368:y:2024:i:c:s0306261924008158. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.