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Optimal scheduling of an active distribution system considering distributed energy resources, demand response aggregators and electrical energy storage

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  • Zakernezhad, Hamid
  • Setayesh Nazar, Mehrdad
  • Shafie-khah, Miadreza
  • Catalão, João P.S.

Abstract

This paper presents a two-level optimization model for the optimal scheduling of an active distribution system in day-ahead and real-time market horizons. The distribution system operator transacts energy and ancillary services with the electricity market, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle parking lot aggregators, and demand response aggregators. Further, the active distribution system can utilize a switching procedure for its zonal tie-line switches to mitigate the effects of contingencies. The main contribution of this paper is that the proposed framework simultaneously models the arbitrage strategy of the active distribution system, electric vehicle parking lot aggregators, and demand response aggregators in the day-ahead and real-time markets. This paper's solution methodology is another contribution that utilizes robust and lexicographic ordering optimization methods. At the first stage of the first level, the optimal bidding strategies of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle parking lot aggregators and demand response aggregators are explored. Then, at the second stage of the first level, the day-ahead optimization process finds the optimal scheduling of distributed energy resources and switching of electrical switches. Finally, at the second level, the real-time optimization problem optimizes the scheduling of system resources. Different case studies were carried out to assess the effectiveness of the algorithm. The proposed algorithm increases the system's day-ahead and real-time revenues by about 52.09% and 47.04% concerning the case without the proposed method, respectively.

Suggested Citation

  • Zakernezhad, Hamid & Setayesh Nazar, Mehrdad & Shafie-khah, Miadreza & Catalão, João P.S., 2022. "Optimal scheduling of an active distribution system considering distributed energy resources, demand response aggregators and electrical energy storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 314(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:314:y:2022:i:c:s0306261922002999
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118865
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dimitris Bertsimas & Melvyn Sim, 2004. "The Price of Robustness," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 52(1), pages 35-53, February.
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    4. Bostan, Alireza & Nazar, Mehrdad Setayesh & Shafie-khah, Miadreza & Catalão, João P.S., 2020. "An integrated optimization framework for combined heat and power units, distributed generation and plug-in electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
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    6. Zhang, Jingrui & Zhou, Yulu & Li, Zhuoyun & Cai, Junfeng, 2021. "Three-level day-ahead optimal scheduling framework considering multi-stakeholders in active distribution networks: Up-to-down approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(C).
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    Cited by:

    1. Zare Oskouei, Morteza & Gharehpetian, Gevork B., 2024. "Flexibility enhancement of multi-district DISCOs considering a trade-off between congestion and extractable reserve capacity from virtual energy storage systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 353(PB).
    2. Aguado, José A. & Paredes, Ángel, 2023. "Coordinated and decentralized trading of flexibility products in Inter-DSO Local Electricity Markets via ADMM," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 337(C).
    3. Azarnia, Mahsa & Rahimiyan, Morteza & Siano, Pierluigi, 2024. "Offering of active distribution network in real-time energy market by integrated energy management system and Volt-Var optimization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 358(C).
    4. Venizelos Venizelou & Apostolos C. Tsolakis & Demetres Evagorou & Christos Patsonakis & Ioannis Koskinas & Phivos Therapontos & Lampros Zyglakis & Dimosthenis Ioannidis & George Makrides & Dimitrios T, 2023. "DSO-Aggregator Demand Response Cooperation Framework towards Reliable, Fair and Secure Flexibility Dispatch," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-21, March.
    5. Firouzi, Mehdi & Setayesh Nazar, Mehrdad & Shafie-khah, Miadreza & Catalão, João P.S., 2023. "Integrated framework for modeling the interactions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles aggregators, parking lots and distributed generation facilities in electricity markets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 334(C).

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