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Electrolyzer modeling and real-time control for optimized production of hydrogen gas

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  • Flamm, Benjamin
  • Peter, Christian
  • Büchi, Felix N.
  • Lygeros, John

Abstract

We present a method that operates an electrolyzer to meet the demand of a hydrogen refueling station in a cost-effective manner by solving a model-based optimal control problem. To formulate the underlying problem, we first conduct an experimental characterization of a Siemens SILYZER 100 polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer with 100 kW of rated power. We run experiments to determine the electrolyzer’s conversion efficiency and thermal dynamics as well as the overload-limiting algorithm used in the electrolyzer. The resulting detailed nonlinear models are used to design a real-time optimal controller, which is then implemented on the actual system. Each minute, the controller solves a deterministic, receding-horizon problem which seeks to minimize the cost of satisfying a given hydrogen demand, while using a storage tank to take advantage of time-varying electricity prices and photovoltaic inflow. We illustrate in simulation the significant cost reduction achieved by our method compared to others in the literature, and then validate our method by demonstrating it in real-time operation on the actual system.

Suggested Citation

  • Flamm, Benjamin & Peter, Christian & Büchi, Felix N. & Lygeros, John, 2021. "Electrolyzer modeling and real-time control for optimized production of hydrogen gas," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 281(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:281:y:2021:i:c:s0306261920314690
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116031
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Harris, Chioke B. & Webber, Michael E., 2014. "An empirically-validated methodology to simulate electricity demand for electric vehicle charging," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 172-181.
    2. Fischer, David & Kaufmann, Florian & Hollinger, Raphael & Voglstätter, Christopher, 2018. "Real live demonstration of MPC for a power-to-gas plant," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 833-842.
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    Cited by:

    1. Vincent Henkel & Lukas Peter Wagner & Maximilian Kilthau & Felix Gehlhoff & Alexander Fay, 2024. "A Multi-Agent Approach for the Optimized Operation of Modular Electrolysis Plants," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-33, July.
    2. Lüth, Alexandra & Werner, Yannick & Egging-Bratseth, Ruud & Kazempour, Jalal, 2024. "Electrolysis as a flexibility resource on energy islands: The case of the North Sea," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    3. Kalantari, Hosein & Sasmito, Agus P. & Ghoreishi-Madiseh, Seyed Ali, 2021. "An overview of directions for decarbonization of energy systems in cold climate remote mines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    4. Zhang, Hong & Yuan, Tiejiang, 2022. "Optimization and economic evaluation of a PEM electrolysis system considering its degradation in variable-power operations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 324(C).
    5. Lüth, Alexandra & Werner, Yannick & Egging-Bratseth, Ruud & Kazempour, Jalal, 2022. "Electrolysis as a Flexibility Resource on Energy Islands: The Case of the North Sea," Working Papers 13-2022, Copenhagen Business School, Department of Economics.
    6. Abulanwar, Sayed & Ghanem, Abdelhady & Rizk, Mohammad E.M. & Hu, Weihao, 2021. "Adaptive synergistic control strategy for a hybrid AC/DC microgrid during normal operation and contingencies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    7. Qiu, Yiwei & Zhou, Buxiang & Zang, Tianlei & Zhou, Yi & Chen, Shi & Qi, Ruomei & Li, Jiarong & Lin, Jin, 2023. "Extended load flexibility of utility-scale P2H plants: Optimal production scheduling considering dynamic thermal and HTO impurity effects," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 217(C).
    8. Zehra, Syeda Shafia & Ur Rahman, Aqeel & Ahmad, Iftikhar, 2022. "Fuzzy-barrier sliding mode control of electric-hydrogen hybrid energy storage system in DC microgrid: Modelling, management and experimental investigation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PD).
    9. Le, Tay Son & Nguyen, Tuan Ngoc & Bui, Dac-Khuong & Ngo, Tuan Duc, 2023. "Optimal sizing of renewable energy storage: A techno-economic analysis of hydrogen, battery and hybrid systems considering degradation and seasonal storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 336(C).
    10. Vincent Henkel & Lukas Peter Wagner & Felix Gehlhoff & Alexander Fay, 2024. "Combination of Site-Wide and Real-Time Optimization for the Control of Systems of Electrolyzers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-17, September.
    11. Li, Jiarong & Yang, Bosen & Lin, Jin & Liu, Feng & Qiu, Yiwei & Xu, Yanhui & Qi, Ruomei & Song, Yonghua, 2024. "Two-layer energy management strategy for grid-integrated multi-stack power-to-hydrogen station," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 367(C).

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