IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v238y2019icp1417-1433.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Techno-economic analysis of flexible heat pump controls

Author

Listed:
  • Nolting, Lars
  • Praktiknjo, Aaron

Abstract

There exists a gap between the flexibility needed within the German energy system and the flexibility being actually provided. Heat pumps can be seen to be the core technology to couple the heating and electricity sectors and thereby provide flexibility to the system. We contribute to the scientific discussion by conducting validated simulations of realistic and easily applicable heat pump control methods that are implemented to provide flexibility and not limited to pilot trials. We assess effects on energy efficiency and economic potentials compared to standard reference control algorithms. The flexible control schemes under investigation can be divided into two categories: time-of-use based controls and spot market price based control. We investigate both control types for current market conditions and for future scenarios of the German electricity market in 2030. In our study, we introduce a validated MODELICA simulation model of a ground source heat pump and market models to evaluate financial consequences. Our results indicate that efficiency losses occur for all investigated control methods. Further, financial gains for heat pump owners could not be achieved with current price structures, only distinct future scenarios with high shares of fluctuating renewables and low electricity demand led to enough price fluctuations to allow for electricity cost savings. Thus, we conclude that (1) heat pump owners need to weigh pros and cons of currently applicable, flexible heat pump controls carefully before their implementation, (2) there exists a need for heat pump manufacturers to further develop controllers that are capable of more advanced control schemes on large-scale, (3) policy makers should establish market mechanisms to ensure that heat pump owners are provided with incentives to use flexible controls, and (4) scientific modelers should not only focus on the development of highly elaborated control methods, but also investigate their transferability to large-scale real-world applications in the near future.

Suggested Citation

  • Nolting, Lars & Praktiknjo, Aaron, 2019. "Techno-economic analysis of flexible heat pump controls," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C), pages 1417-1433.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:238:y:2019:i:c:p:1417-1433
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.177
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261919301825
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.177?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Zhang, Lingxi & Good, Nicholas & Mancarella, Pierluigi, 2019. "Building-to-grid flexibility: Modelling and assessment metrics for residential demand response from heat pump aggregations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 233, pages 709-723.
    2. Aaron Praktiknjo, 2016. "The Value of Lost Load for Sectoral Load Shedding Measures: The German Case with 51 Sectors," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(2), pages 1-17, February.
    3. Lund, Henrik, 2018. "Renewable heating strategies and their consequences for storage and grid infrastructures comparing a smart grid to a smart energy systems approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 94-102.
    4. Kubli, Merla & Loock, Moritz & Wüstenhagen, Rolf, 2018. "The flexible prosumer: Measuring the willingness to co-create distributed flexibility," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 540-548.
    5. Schill, Wolf-Peter, 2014. "Residual Load, Renewable Surplus Generation and Storage Requirements in Germany," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 73, pages 65-79.
    6. Lund, Peter D. & Lindgren, Juuso & Mikkola, Jani & Salpakari, Jyri, 2015. "Review of energy system flexibility measures to enable high levels of variable renewable electricity," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 785-807.
    7. Romero Rodríguez, Laura & Sánchez Ramos, José & Álvarez Domínguez, Servando & Eicker, Ursula, 2018. "Contributions of heat pumps to demand response: A case study of a plus-energy dwelling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C), pages 191-204.
    8. Felten, Björn & Weber, Christoph, 2018. "The value(s) of flexible heat pumps – Assessment of technical and economic conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 1292-1319.
    9. Fischer, David & Madani, Hatef, 2017. "On heat pumps in smart grids: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 342-357.
    10. Franco, Alessandro & Fantozzi, Fabio, 2016. "Experimental analysis of a self consumption strategy for residential building: The integration of PV system and geothermal heat pump," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 1075-1085.
    11. Niemi, R. & Mikkola, J. & Lund, P.D., 2012. "Urban energy systems with smart multi-carrier energy networks and renewable energy generation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 524-536.
    12. Renaldi, R. & Kiprakis, A. & Friedrich, D., 2017. "An optimisation framework for thermal energy storage integration in a residential heat pump heating system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(P3), pages 520-529.
    13. Andrei David & Brian Vad Mathiesen & Helge Averfalk & Sven Werner & Henrik Lund, 2017. "Heat Roadmap Europe: Large-Scale Electric Heat Pumps in District Heating Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-18, April.
    14. Hong, Jun & Johnstone, Cameron & Torriti, Jacopo & Leach, Matthew, 2012. "Discrete demand side control performance under dynamic building simulation: A heat pump application," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 85-95.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Tian, Chuyin & Huang, Guohe & Piwowar, Joseph M. & Yeh, Shin-Cheng & Lu, Chen & Duan, Ruixin & Ren, Jiayan, 2022. "Stochastic RCM-driven cooling and heating energy demand analysis for residential building," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    2. Langer, Lissy & Volling, Thomas, 2020. "An optimal home energy management system for modulating heat pumps and photovoltaic systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).
    3. Knittel, Tamara & Palmer-Wilson, Kevin & McPherson, Madeleine & Wild, Peter & Rowe, Andrew, 2024. "Heating electrification in cold climates: Invest in grid flexibility," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 356(C).
    4. Vassilis M. Charitopoulos & Mathilde Fajardy & Chi Kong Chyong & David M. Reiner, 2022. "The case of 100% electrification of domestic heat in Great Britain," Working Papers EPRG2206, Energy Policy Research Group, Cambridge Judge Business School, University of Cambridge.
    5. Yin, Linfei & Qiu, Yao, 2022. "Long-term price guidance mechanism of flexible energy service providers based on stochastic differential methods," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PB).
    6. Menegon, Diego & Persson, Tomas & Haberl, Robert & Bales, Chris & Haller, Michel, 2020. "Direct characterisation of the annual performance of solar thermal and heat pump systems using a six-day whole system test," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 1337-1353.
    7. Zhang, Menglin & Wu, Qiuwei & Wen, Jinyu & Lin, Zhongwei & Fang, Fang & Chen, Qun, 2021. "Optimal operation of integrated electricity and heat system: A review of modeling and solution methods," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    8. Dengiz, Thomas & Jochem, Patrick & Fichtner, Wolf, 2019. "Demand response with heuristic control strategies for modulating heat pumps," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C), pages 1346-1360.
    9. Ruhnau, Oliver & Hirth, Lion & Praktiknjo, Aaron, 2020. "Heating with wind: Economics of heat pumps and variable renewables," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    10. Golmohamadi, Hessam & Larsen, Kim Guldstrand & Jensen, Peter Gjøl & Hasrat, Imran Riaz, 2022. "Integration of flexibility potentials of district heating systems into electricity markets: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    11. Kockel, Christina & Nolting, Lars & Priesmann, Jan & Praktiknjo, Aaron, 2022. "Does renewable electricity supply match with energy demand? – A spatio-temporal analysis for the German case," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 308(C).
    12. Backe, Stian & Zwickl-Bernhard, Sebastian & Schwabeneder, Daniel & Auer, Hans & Korpås, Magnus & Tomasgard, Asgeir, 2022. "Impact of energy communities on the European electricity and heating system decarbonization pathway: Comparing local and global flexibility responses," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 323(C).
    13. Dongwen Chen & Zheng Chu, 2024. "Enhancing Power Supply Flexibility in Renewable Energy Systems with Optimized Energy Dispatch in Coupled CHP, Heat Pump, and Thermal Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1-29, June.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Guo, Yurun & Wang, Shugang & Wang, Jihong & Zhang, Tengfei & Ma, Zhenjun & Jiang, Shuang, 2024. "Key district heating technologies for building energy flexibility: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PB).
    2. Alessandro Franco & Carlo Bartoli & Paolo Conti & Daniele Testi, 2021. "Optimal Operation of Low-Capacity Heat Pump Systems for Residential Buildings through Thermal Energy Storage," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-17, June.
    3. Terreros, O. & Spreitzhofer, J. & Basciotti, D. & Schmidt, R.R. & Esterl, T. & Pober, M. & Kerschbaumer, M. & Ziegler, M., 2020. "Electricity market options for heat pumps in rural district heating networks in Austria," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 196(C).
    4. Felten, Björn & Weber, Christoph, 2018. "The value(s) of flexible heat pumps – Assessment of technical and economic conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 1292-1319.
    5. Psimopoulos, Emmanouil & Bee, Elena & Widén, Joakim & Bales, Chris, 2019. "Techno-economic analysis of control algorithms for an exhaust air heat pump system for detached houses coupled to a photovoltaic system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C), pages 355-367.
    6. Golmohamadi, Hessam & Larsen, Kim Guldstrand & Jensen, Peter Gjøl & Hasrat, Imran Riaz, 2022. "Integration of flexibility potentials of district heating systems into electricity markets: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    7. Fischer, David & Wolf, Tobias & Wapler, Jeannette & Hollinger, Raphael & Madani, Hatef, 2017. "Model-based flexibility assessment of a residential heat pump pool," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 853-864.
    8. Clauß, John & Stinner, Sebastian & Sartori, Igor & Georges, Laurent, 2019. "Predictive rule-based control to activate the energy flexibility of Norwegian residential buildings: Case of an air-source heat pump and direct electric heating," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C), pages 500-518.
    9. Omais Abdur Rehman & Valeria Palomba & Andrea Frazzica & Luisa F. Cabeza, 2021. "Enabling Technologies for Sector Coupling: A Review on the Role of Heat Pumps and Thermal Energy Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-30, December.
    10. Marijanovic, Zorica & Theile, Philipp & Czock, Berit Hanna, 2022. "Value of short-term heating system flexibility – A case study for residential heat pumps on the German intraday market," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    11. Coppitters, Diederik & De Paepe, Ward & Contino, Francesco, 2021. "Robust design optimization of a photovoltaic-battery-heat pump system with thermal storage under aleatory and epistemic uncertainty," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    12. Fischer, David & Madani, Hatef, 2017. "On heat pumps in smart grids: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 342-357.
    13. Pastore, Lorenzo Mario & Lo Basso, Gianluigi & Ricciardi, Guido & de Santoli, Livio, 2023. "Smart energy systems for renewable energy communities: A comparative analysis of power-to-X strategies for improving energy self-consumption," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    14. Matthias Eydner & Lu Wan & Tobias Henzler & Konstantinos Stergiaropoulos, 2022. "Real-Time Grid Signal-Based Energy Flexibility of Heating Generation: A Methodology for Optimal Scheduling of Stratified Storage Tanks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-31, February.
    15. Guelpa, Elisa & Bischi, Aldo & Verda, Vittorio & Chertkov, Michael & Lund, Henrik, 2019. "Towards future infrastructures for sustainable multi-energy systems: A review," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 2-21.
    16. Stefan Arens & Sunke Schlüters & Benedikt Hanke & Karsten von Maydell & Carsten Agert, 2020. "Sustainable Residential Energy Supply: A Literature Review-Based Morphological Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-28, January.
    17. Gaucher-Loksts, Erin & Athienitis, Andreas & Ouf, Mohamed, 2022. "Design and energy flexibility analysis for building integrated photovoltaics-heat pump combinations in a house," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 872-884.
    18. Maarten Wolsink, 2020. "Framing in Renewable Energy Policies: A Glossary," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-31, June.
    19. Rödder, Maximilian & Frank, Lena & Kirschner, Daniel & Neef, Matthias & Adam, Mario, 2018. "EnergiBUS4home – Sustainable energy resourcing in low-energy buildings," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 638-647.
    20. Finck, Christian & Li, Rongling & Kramer, Rick & Zeiler, Wim, 2018. "Quantifying demand flexibility of power-to-heat and thermal energy storage in the control of building heating systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 209(C), pages 409-425.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:238:y:2019:i:c:p:1417-1433. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.