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Wireless charger deployment for an electric bus network: A multi-objective life cycle optimization

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  • Bi, Zicheng
  • Keoleian, Gregory A.
  • Ersal, Tulga

Abstract

Deploying large-scale wireless charging infrastructure at bus stops to charge electric transit buses when loading and unloading passengers requires significant capital investment and brings environmental and energy burdens due to charger production and deployment. Optimal siting of wireless charging bus stops is key to reducing these burdens and enhancing the sustainability performance of a wireless charging bus fleet. This paper presents a novel multi-objective optimization model framework based on life cycle assessment (LCA) for siting wireless chargers in a multi-route electric bus system. Compared to previous studies, this multi-objective optimization framework evaluates not only the minimization of system-level costs, but also newly incorporates the objectives of minimizing life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy consumption during the entire lifetime of a wireless charging bus system. The LCA-based optimization framework is more comprehensive than previous studies in that it encompasses not only the burdens associated with wireless charging infrastructure deployment, but also the benefits of electric bus battery downsizing and use-phase vehicle energy consumption reduction due to vehicle lightweighting, which are directly related to charger siting. The impact of charger siting at bus stops with different route utility and bus dwell time on battery life is also considered. To demonstrate the model application, the route information of the University of Michigan bus routes is used as a case study. Results from the baseline scenario show that the optimal siting strategies can help reduce life cycle costs, GHG, and energy by up to 13%, 8%, and 8%, respectively, compared to extreme cases of “no charger at any bus stop” and “chargers at every stop”. Further sensitivity analyses indicate that the optimization results are sensitive to the initial battery unit price ($/kWh), charging power rate (kW), charging infrastructure costs, and battery life estimation methods.

Suggested Citation

  • Bi, Zicheng & Keoleian, Gregory A. & Ersal, Tulga, 2018. "Wireless charger deployment for an electric bus network: A multi-objective life cycle optimization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C), pages 1090-1101.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:225:y:2018:i:c:p:1090-1101
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.05.070
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Yang Liu & Bing Zeng & Kejun Long & Wei Wu, 2024. "Enhancing Electric Bus Charging Scheduling: An Energy-Integrated Dynamic Bus Replacement Strategy with Time-of-Use Pricing," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-19, April.
    2. Hatem Abdelaty & Ahmed Foda & Moataz Mohamed, 2023. "The Robustness of Battery Electric Bus Transit Networks under Charging Infrastructure Disruptions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-25, February.
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    4. Young Kwan Ko & Young Dae Ko, 2023. "A Development of Optimal Design and Operation Algorithm for Battery-Powered Electric City Tour Bus System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-16, January.
    5. Bálint Csonka, 2021. "Optimization of Static and Dynamic Charging Infrastructure for Electric Buses," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-18, June.
    6. Niu, Songyan & Yu, Hang & Niu, Shuangxia & Jian, Linni, 2020. "Power loss analysis and thermal assessment on wireless electric vehicle charging technology: The over-temperature risk of ground assembly needs attention," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 275(C).
    7. Yuping Lin & Kai Zhang & Zuo-Jun Max Shen & Lixin Miao, 2019. "Charging Network Planning for Electric Bus Cities: A Case Study of Shenzhen, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(17), pages 1-27, August.
    8. Luis Oliveira & Arun Ulahannan & Matthew Knight & Stewart Birrell, 2020. "Wireless Charging of Electric Taxis: Understanding the Facilitators and Barriers to Its Introduction," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-21, October.
    9. Foda, Ahmed & Mohamed, Moataz, 2024. "The impacts of optimization approaches on BEB system configuration in transit," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 12-23.
    10. Foda, Ahmed & Abdelaty, Hatem & Mohamed, Moataz & El-Saadany, Ehab, 2023. "A generic cost-utility-emission optimization for electric bus transit infrastructure planning and charging scheduling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    11. Ji, Jinhua & Wang, Linhong & Yang, Menglin & Bie, Yiming & Hao, Mingjie, 2024. "Optimal deployment of dynamic wireless charging facilities for electric bus route considering stochastic travel times," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    12. Frechter, Yotam & Kuperman, Alon, 2020. "Analysis and design of inductive wireless power transfer link for feedback-less power delivery to enclosed compartment," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).
    13. Justine Broihan & Inka Nozinski & Niklas Pöch & Stefan Helber, 2022. "Designing Dynamic Inductive Charging Infrastructures for Airport Aprons with Multiple Vehicle Types," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-24, June.
    14. Wu, Xiaomei & Feng, Qijin & Bai, Chenchen & Lai, Chun Sing & Jia, Youwei & Lai, Loi Lei, 2021. "A novel fast-charging stations locational planning model for electric bus transit system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    15. Shi, Jie & Gao, H. Oliver, 2022. "Efficient energy management of wireless charging roads with energy storage for coupled transportation–power systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 323(C).
    16. Faraci, Giuseppe & Raciti, Angelo & Rizzo, Santi Agatino & Schembra, Giovanni, 2020. "Green wireless power transfer system for a drone fleet managed by reinforcement learning in smart industry," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    17. Harris, Andrew & Soban, Danielle & Smyth, Beatrice M. & Best, Robert, 2020. "A probabilistic fleet analysis for energy consumption, life cycle cost and greenhouse gas emissions modelling of bus technologies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
    18. Woo, Hyeon & Son, Yongju & Cho, Jintae & Kim, Sung-Yul & Choi, Sungyun, 2023. "Optimal expansion planning of electric vehicle fast charging stations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 342(C).
    19. Andrzej Łebkowski, 2019. "Studies of Energy Consumption by a City Bus Powered by a Hybrid Energy Storage System in Variable Road Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-39, March.
    20. Hyukjoon Lee & Dongjin Ji & Dong-Ho Cho, 2019. "Optimal Design of Wireless Charging Electric Bus System Based on Reinforcement Learning," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-20, March.
    21. Liu, Zhaocai & Wang, Qichao & Sigler, Devon & Kotz, Andrew & Kelly, Kenneth J. & Lunacek, Monte & Phillips, Caleb & Garikapati, Venu, 2023. "Data-driven simulation-based planning for electric airport shuttle systems: A real-world case study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 332(C).
    22. Rehman, Waqas ur & Bo, Rui & Mehdipourpicha, Hossein & Kimball, Jonathan W., 2022. "Sizing battery energy storage and PV system in an extreme fast charging station considering uncertainties and battery degradation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    23. Ying Yang & Zhenpo Wang & Shuo Wang & Ni Lin, 2022. "An Investigation of Opportunity Charging with Hybrid Energy Storage System on Electric Bus with Two-Speed Transmission," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-13, September.
    24. Zeng, Ziling & Wang, Tingsong & Qu, Xiaobo, 2024. "En-route charge scheduling for an electric bus network: Stochasticity and real-world practice," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    25. Gang Chen & Dawei Hu & Steven Chien & Lei Guo & Mingzheng Liu, 2020. "Optimizing Wireless Charging Locations for Battery Electric Bus Transit with a Genetic Algorithm," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-20, October.

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