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Global warming potential and energy analysis of second generation ethanol production from rice straw in India

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  • Soam, Shveta
  • Kapoor, Manali
  • Kumar, Ravindra
  • Borjesson, Pal
  • Gupta, Ravi P.
  • Tuli, Deepak K.

Abstract

The environmental sustainability of cellulosic ethanol production from rice straw in India is conducted using life cycle assessment (LCA). Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, net energy ratio (NER) and net energy balance (NEB) are studied for ethanol production system using two diverse pretreatment technologies, i.e. dilute acid (DA) and steam explosion (SE) followed by separate hydrolysis and fermentation. 1ton of rice straw is the reference flow of study and 1MJ transportation fuel is the functional unit while comparing the results with gasoline. The inventory data is collected based on several experiments conducted at our pilot plant and is a novel contribution to country specific LCA. Using DA and SE, the ethanol yields from the processing of 1ton straw are 239 and 253L and life cycle GHG emissions are 292 and 288kgCO2eq./ton straw respectively. The results indicated that production of enzyme used in hydrolysis is the major contributor to GHG emissions in both DA (54%) and SE (57%) methods of ethanol production. The net energy input during the life cycle of ethanol is 1736 and 1377MJ/ton straw in DA and SE respectively. The major GHG emissions and energy benefits are obtained using lignin produced in the plant to generate electricity resulting in displacement of the coal based electricity. With a higher xylose recovery in the SE, it gives larger amount of ethanol and also generates more surplus electricity. Enzyme production and its use are identified as GHG emission and energy consumption hotspot in the ethanol production process. While comparing the results with gasoline, DA and SE resulted in a reduction of 77 and 89% GHG emissions and NER of 2.3 and 2.7 respectively. The E5 blending would reduce GHG emissions by 4.3% (DA) and 4.8% (SE) whereas; E20 blend would lead to a reduction of 17.4% (DA) and 18.8% (SE) respectively. Sensitivity analysis indicates that with every 12.5% increase in the price of rice straw from the base case, there is a 2.3% increase in GHG emissions and vice versa. 1FPU/g WIS increase during hydrolysis gives 2.9% increase in ethanol production, but at the same time there is an increase of 5% emissions from enzyme production. The results of the study conclude that cellulosic ethanol production technology in India is sustainable from GHG reduction and energy efficiency perspective.

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  • Soam, Shveta & Kapoor, Manali & Kumar, Ravindra & Borjesson, Pal & Gupta, Ravi P. & Tuli, Deepak K., 2016. "Global warming potential and energy analysis of second generation ethanol production from rice straw in India," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 353-364.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:184:y:2016:i:c:p:353-364
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.10.034
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    5. Shveta Soam & Pål Börjesson, 2020. "Considerations on Potentials, Greenhouse Gas, and Energy Performance of Biofuels Based on Forest Residues for Heavy-Duty Road Transport in Sweden," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-21, December.
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    7. Darmawan, Arif & Fitrianto, Anggoro Cahyo & Aziz, Muhammad & Tokimatsu, Koji, 2018. "Integrated system of rice production and electricity generation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 672-680.
    8. Tianyi Yin & Taoli Huhe & Xueqin Li & Qian Wang & Tingzhou Lei & Zhengzhong Zhou, 2024. "Research on Life Cycle Assessment and Performance Comparison of Bioethanol Production from Various Biomass Feedstocks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-16, February.
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    10. Zhang, Jiaqi & Li, Yu'e & Cai, Andong & Oosterveer, Peter & Greene, Mary & Wang, Bin, 2023. "Greenhouse gas reduction through crop residue-based bioenergy: A meta-analysis of reduction efficiency and abatement costs of various products," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 270(C).
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    12. Borujeni, Nasim Espah & Karimi, Keikhosro & Denayer, Joeri F.M. & Kumar, Rajeev, 2022. "Apple pomace biorefinery for ethanol, mycoprotein, and value-added biochemicals production by Mucor indicus," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 240(C).
    13. Ben Daya, Bechir & Nourelfath, Mustapha, 2019. "Sustainability assessment of integrated forest biorefinery implemented in Canadian pulp and paper mills," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 214(C), pages 248-265.
    14. Rogério Marques & Fábio Matos Fernandes & Marcelo Santana Silva & Luís Oscar Martins & Francisco Gaudêncio Mendonça Freires, 2023. "Analysis of Competitiveness Factors of Wind Power: A Case study in the Alto Sertão Wind Complex in the State of Bahia, Brazil," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(6), pages 153-169, November.
    15. Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha, Homa & Nizami, Abdul-Sattar & Kalogirou, Soteris A. & Gupta, Vijai Kumar & Park, Young-Kwon & Fallahi, Alireza & Sulaiman, Alawi & Ranjbari, Meisam & Rahnama, Hassan & Aghbashl, 2022. "Environmental life cycle assessment of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: A systematic review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    16. Zhao, Yan & Damgaard, Anders & Xu, Yingjie & Liu, Shan & Christensen, Thomas H., 2019. "Bioethanol from corn stover – Global warming footprint of alternative biotechnologies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C), pages 237-253.
    17. Fang, Yan Ru & Wu, Yi & Xie, Guang Hui, 2019. "Crop residue utilizations and potential for bioethanol production in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1-1.
    18. Mostafa Rezaei & Ali Mostafaeipour & Mojtaba Qolipour & Hamid-Reza Arabnia, 2018. "Hydrogen production using wind energy from sea water: A case study on Southern and Northern coasts of Iran," Energy & Environment, , vol. 29(3), pages 333-357, May.
    19. Maurizio Bressan & Elena Campagnoli & Carlo Giovanni Ferro & Valter Giaretto, 2022. "Rice Straw: A Waste with a Remarkable Green Energy Potential," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-15, February.

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