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Improvements to longitudinal Clean Development Mechanism sampling designs for lighting retrofit projects

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  • Carstens, Herman
  • Xia, Xiaohua
  • Ye, Xianming

Abstract

An improved model for reducing the cost of long-term monitoring in Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) lighting retrofit projects is proposed. Cost-effective longitudinal sampling designs use the minimum numbers of meters required to report yearly savings at the 90% confidence and 10% relative precision level for duration of the project (up to 10years) as stipulated by the CDM. Improvements to the existing model include a new non-linear Compact Fluorescent Lamp population decay model based on the Polish Efficient Lighting Project, and a cumulative sampling function modified to weight samples exponentially by recency. An economic model altering the cost function to a net present value calculation is also incorporated. The search space for such sampling models is investigated and found to be discontinuous and stepped, requiring a heuristic for optimisation; in this case the Genetic Algorithm was used. Assuming an exponential smoothing rate of 0.25, an inflation rate of 6.44%, and an interest rate of 10%, results show that sampling should be more evenly distributed over the study duration than is currently considered optimal, and that the proposed improvements in model accuracy increase monitoring costs by 21.4% in present value terms.

Suggested Citation

  • Carstens, Herman & Xia, Xiaohua & Ye, Xianming, 2014. "Improvements to longitudinal Clean Development Mechanism sampling designs for lighting retrofit projects," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 256-265.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:126:y:2014:i:c:p:256-265
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.03.049
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ye, Xianming & Xia, Xiaohua & Zhang, Jiangfeng, 2013. "Optimal sampling plan for clean development mechanism energy efficiency lighting projects," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 1006-1015.
    2. Xia, Xiaohua & Zhang, Jiangfeng, 2013. "Mathematical description for the measurement and verification of energy efficiency improvement," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 247-256.
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Fan, Yuling & Xia, Xiaohua, 2018. "Building retrofit optimization models using notch test data considering energy performance certificate compliance," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 2140-2152.
    2. Ye, Xianming & Xia, Xiaohua, 2016. "Optimal metering plan for measurement and verification on a lighting case study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 580-592.
    3. Mei, Jun & Xia, Xiaohua, 2017. "Energy-efficient predictive control of indoor thermal comfort and air quality in a direct expansion air conditioning system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 439-452.
    4. Carstens, Herman & Xia, Xiaohua & Yadavalli, Sarma, 2018. "Measurement uncertainty in energy monitoring: Present state of the art," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 2791-2805.
    5. Ikuzwe, Alice & Xia, Xiaohua & Ye, Xianming, 2020. "Maintenance optimization incorporating lumen degradation failure for energy-efficient lighting retrofit projects," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).
    6. Carstens, Herman & Xia, Xiaohua & Yadavalli, Sarma, 2017. "Low-cost energy meter calibration method for measurement and verification," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C), pages 563-575.
    7. Ikuzwe, Alice & Ye, Xianming & Xia, Xiaohua, 2020. "Energy-maintenance optimization for retrofitted lighting system incorporating luminous flux degradation to enhance visual comfort," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
    8. Ye, Xianming & Xia, Xiaohua & Zhang, Jiangfeng, 2014. "Optimal sampling plan for clean development mechanism lighting projects with lamp population decay," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 1184-1192.
    9. Wu, Zhou & Wang, Bo & Xia, Xiaohua, 2016. "Large-scale building energy efficiency retrofit: Concept, model and control," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 456-465.
    10. Olinga, Zadok & Xia, Xiaohua & Ye, Xianming, 2017. "A cost-effective approach to handle measurement and verification uncertainties of energy savings," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 1600-1609.

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