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Upgrading and extraction of bitumen from Nigerian tar sand by supercritical carbon dioxide

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  • Rudyk, Svetlana
  • Spirov, Pavel

Abstract

The current experimental study describes the recovery of bitumen from Nigerian tar sand by the supercritical carbon dioxide method, which has the advantages of a substantial reduction in water consumption, an absence of chemicals, and an upgrading of the bitumen through the rejection of solids, petcokes and asphaltenes. The bitumen extraction from 50g piece of tar sand was carried out at 50, 60 and 65MPa and 110°C by pure carbon dioxide and with the addition of 10mL of fresh or salty water. The recovery decreased in the following order: with salty water, with fresh water, pure CO2. The maximum recovery of 29.6% was obtained at 50MPa with the addition of salty water declining at higher pressures. The heaviest fractions were extracted by pure carbon dioxide at 60 and 65MPa. The presence of bisnorhopane, a biomarker typical for source rocks formed in marine depositional environment, was detected in crude bitumen and all extracts by GC–MS TIC analysis.

Suggested Citation

  • Rudyk, Svetlana & Spirov, Pavel, 2014. "Upgrading and extraction of bitumen from Nigerian tar sand by supercritical carbon dioxide," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1397-1404.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:113:y:2014:i:c:p:1397-1404
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.08.076
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Liu, Fang-Jing & Gasem, Khaled A.M. & Tang, Mingchen & Xu, Bang & Huang, Zaixing & Zhang, Riguang & Fan, Maohong, 2020. "Enhanced liquid tar production as fuels/chemicals from Powder River Basin coal through CaO catalyzed stepwise degradation in eco-friendly supercritical CO2/ethanol," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    2. Sapkota, Krishna & Oni, Abayomi Olufemi & Kumar, Amit & Linwei, Ma, 2018. "The development of a techno-economic model for the extraction, transportation, upgrading, and shipping of Canadian oil sands products to the Asia-Pacific region," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 223(C), pages 273-292.
    3. Liu, Fang-Jing & Liu, Guang-Hui & Gasem, Khaled A.M. & Xu, Bang & Goroncy, Alexander & Tang, Ming-Chen & Huang, Zai-Xing & Fan, Maohong & Wei, Xian-Yong, 2020. "Green and efficient two-step degradation approach for converting Powder River Basin coal into fuels/chemicals and insights into their chemical compositions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    4. Nimana, Balwinder & Canter, Christina & Kumar, Amit, 2015. "Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the recovery and extraction of crude bitumen from Canada’s oil sands," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 189-199.
    5. Liu, Fang-Jing & Gasem, Khaled A.M. & Tang, Mingchen & Goroncy, Alexander & He, Xin & Huang, Zaixing & Sun, Kaidi & Fan, Maohong, 2018. "Mild degradation of Powder River Basin sub-bituminous coal in environmentally benign supercritical CO2-ethanol system to produce valuable high-yield liquid tar," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C), pages 460-470.
    6. Ning Li & Bo Yan & Xian-Ming Xiao, 2015. "A Review of Laboratory-Scale Research on Upgrading Heavy Oil in Supercritical Water," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(8), pages 1-28, August.
    7. Omotehinse, Adeyinka O. & De Tomi, Giorgio, 2020. "Managing the challenges of obtaining a social license to operate in the pre-mining phase: A focus on the oil sands communities in Ondo State, Nigeria," World Development Perspectives, Elsevier, vol. 18(C).

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