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Subsurface drainage pipe detection using an ensemble learning approach and aerial images

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  • Woo, Dong Kook
  • Ji, Junghu
  • Song, Homin

Abstract

Subsurface drainage pipes are commonly used in the Midwestern United States to reduce excess soil moisture and improve crop yields. However, they are the considerable source of nonpoint pollution due to nutrient losses. Detecting the locations of drainage pipes is crucial for water quality management, but information about drainage pipe maps is often privately owned and unavailable. In this study, we propose an ensemble learning approach that uses eight fully convolutional networks (FCNs), including well-known architectures such as Unet, DenseNet, and Wnet, to detect subsurface drainage pipe locations from aerial images. Each FCN model is trained and validated using an aerial image dataset, taking a 256 × 256 × 3 pixel aerial image patch as input and outputting a pixel-wise drainage pipe detection map. Weighted averaging is then applied to the individual FCN outputs to create a unified drain pipe detection map. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated using large-scale aerial image data that has not been used during the training and validation phases. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach provides accurate and more robust drain pipe detection over the case of using an individual FCN model. We further explore the effects of image resolution for the effective use of the proposed drain pipe detection approach.

Suggested Citation

  • Woo, Dong Kook & Ji, Junghu & Song, Homin, 2023. "Subsurface drainage pipe detection using an ensemble learning approach and aerial images," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 287(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:287:y:2023:i:c:s0378377423003207
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108455
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Takahiro Oga & Ryosuke Harakawa & Sayaka Minewaki & Yo Umeki & Yoko Matsuda & Masahiro Iwahashi, 2020. "River state classification combining patch-based processing and CNN," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(12), pages 1-14, December.
    2. Allred, Barry & Martinez, Luis & Fessehazion, Melake K. & Rouse, Greg & Williamson, Tanja N. & Wishart, DeBonne & Koganti, Triven & Freeland, Robert & Eash, Neal & Batschelet, Adam & Featheringill, Ro, 2020. "Overall results and key findings on the use of UAV visible-color, multispectral, and thermal infrared imagery to map agricultural drainage pipes," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 232(C).
    3. Allred, Barry & Martinez, Luis & Fessehazion, Melake K. & Rouse, Greg & Koganti, Triven & Freeland, Robert & Eash, Neal & Wishart, DeBonne & Featheringill, Robert, 2021. "Time of day impact on mapping agricultural subsurface drainage systems with UAV thermal infrared imagery," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 256(C).
    4. Naz, B.S. & Ale, S. & Bowling, L.C., 2009. "Detecting subsurface drainage systems and estimating drain spacing in intensively managed agricultural landscapes," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 96(4), pages 627-637, April.
    5. Song, Homin & Woo, Dong Kook & Yan, Qina, 2021. "Detecting subsurface drainage pipes using a fully convolutional network with optical images," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
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