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Mitigating negative effects of long-term treated wastewater irrigation: Leaf gas exchange and water use efficiency response of avocado trees (Persea americana Mill.)

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  • Nemera, Diriba Bane
  • Bar-Tal, Asher
  • Levy, Guy J.
  • Tarchitzky, Jorge
  • Rog, Ido
  • Klein, Tamir
  • Cohen, Shabtai

Abstract

Declining performance of avocado orchards growing in a clayey soil irrigated with treated wastewater (TWW) for more than 5 years has been observed in Israel. Measures studied to mitigate this were freshwater (FW), blended TWW:FW in a 1:1 ratio (MIX), low-frequency TWW-irrigation (LFI), TWW irrigated tuff trenches (TUF) and TWW as the control treatment. This study reports on the response of avocado leaf gas exchange, intrinsic water use efficiency, leaf water potential and leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) to the mitigation measures applied to a 'Hass' avocado orchard (Persea americana Mill.) previously irrigated with TWW for 7 years. Stomatal conductance (gs) of FW, MIX, TUF and LFI was greater than that for TWW on most measurement dates, which increased net leaf CO2 assimilation rate (Aleaf) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci). Increased gs reduced intrinsic water use efficiency [WUE, determined from either 13C discrimination (iWUE) or gas exchange (WUEi)] as compared to TWW. Although the WUE in TWW was higher than that in mitigation treatments on most measurement dates, the lower assimilation rates at leaf (Aleaf) and whole tree (Atree) levels observed in TWW indicate that TWW irrigation had negative effects on tree physiological performance. A strong negative relationship between WUEi (Aleaf/gs) and gs was found in all treatments, with highest WUEi and lowest gs in TWW. Leaf hydraulic conductance was also lowest for TWW, which may indicate that lower gas exchange was linked to lower water availability to the leaves. Overall, the increased gs, Aleaf, Atree and Kleaf in FW, MIX and TUF relative to TWW indicate that these mitigation measures are good candidates for improving orchard performance negatively affected by long-term irrigation with TWW in clayey soils. Comparing all treatments, FW was the most effective.

Suggested Citation

  • Nemera, Diriba Bane & Bar-Tal, Asher & Levy, Guy J. & Tarchitzky, Jorge & Rog, Ido & Klein, Tamir & Cohen, Shabtai, 2021. "Mitigating negative effects of long-term treated wastewater irrigation: Leaf gas exchange and water use efficiency response of avocado trees (Persea americana Mill.)," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 256(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:256:y:2021:i:c:s0378377421004030
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107126
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Russo, David & Laufer, Asher & Bar-Tal, Asher, 2020. "Improving water uptake by trees planted on a clayey soil and irrigated with low-quality water by various management means: A numerical study," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    2. Nemera, Diriba Bane & Bar-Tal, Asher & Levy, Guy J. & Lukyanov, Victor & Tarchitzky, Jorge & Paudel, Indira & Cohen, Shabtai, 2020. "Mitigating negative effects of long-term treated wastewater application via soil and irrigation manipulations: Sap flow and water relations of avocado trees (Persea americana Mill.)," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 237(C).
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    6. Moreno-Ortega, G. & Pliego, C. & Sarmiento, D. & Barceló, A. & Martínez-Ferri, E., 2019. "Yield and fruit quality of avocado trees under different regimes of water supply in the subtropical coast of Spain," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 221(C), pages 192-201.
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    1. Belén Cárceles Rodríguez & Víctor Hugo Durán Zuazo & Dionisio Franco Tarifa & Simón Cuadros Tavira & Pedro Cermeño Sacristan & Iván Francisco García-Tejero, 2023. "Irrigation Alternatives for Avocado ( Persea americana Mill.) in the Mediterranean Subtropical Region in the Context of Climate Change: A Review," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-27, May.

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