IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/ebl/ecbull/eb-24-00103.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Price Gauging or Market Forces? Fairness Perceptions of Price Hikes during the Pandemic

Author

Listed:
  • Avichai Snir

    (Bar-Ilan University)

  • Daniel Levy

    (Bar-Ilan University, Emory University, ICEA, ISET at TSU, and RCEA)

  • Dudi Levy

    (Bar-Ilan University)

  • Haipeng Allan Chen

    (University of Iowa)

Abstract

We report the results of surveys we conducted in the US and Israel in 2020, a time when many prices increased following the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. To assess respondents' fairness perceptions of price increases, we focus on goods whose prices have increased during the pandemic, including some essential goods. Consistent with the principle of dual entitlement, we find that respondents perceive price increases as more fair if they are due to cost shocks than if they are due to demand shocks. However, we also find large differences across the two populations, as well as across goods.

Suggested Citation

  • Avichai Snir & Daniel Levy & Dudi Levy & Haipeng Allan Chen, 2024. "Price Gauging or Market Forces? Fairness Perceptions of Price Hikes during the Pandemic," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 44(4), pages 1291-1325.
  • Handle: RePEc:ebl:ecbull:eb-24-00103
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.accessecon.com/Pubs/EB/2024/Volume44/EB-24-V44-I4-P102.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Luís Cabral & Lei Xu, 2021. "Seller reputation and price gouging: Evidence from the COVID‐19 pandemic," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 59(3), pages 867-879, July.
    2. Levy, Daniel & Young, Andrew T., 2004. ""The Real Thing:" Nominal Price Rigidity of the Nickel Coke, 1886-1959," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 36(4 (Specia), pages 765-799.
    3. Kahneman, Daniel & Knetsch, Jack L & Thaler, Richard, 1986. "Fairness as a Constraint on Profit Seeking: Entitlements in the Market," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 76(4), pages 728-741, September.
    4. Bolton, Lisa E & Warlop, Luk & Alba, Joseph W, 2003. "Consumer Perceptions of Price (Un)Fairness," Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Consumer Research Inc., vol. 29(4), pages 474-491, March.
    5. Frey, Bruno S. & Pommerehne, Werner W., 1993. "On the fairness of pricing -- An empirical survey among the general population," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 20(3), pages 295-307, April.
    6. Chaim Fershtman & Uri Gneezy, 2001. "Discrimination in a Segmented Society: An Experimental Approach," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 116(1), pages 351-377.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Snir, Avichai & Levy, Daniel & Levy, Dudi & Chen, Haipeng (Allan), 2025. "Price Gouging or Market Forces? Fairness Perceptions of Price Hikes during the Pandemic," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 0.
    2. Avichai Snir & Daniel Levy & Dudi Levy & Haipeng Allan Chen, 2025. "Price Gouging or Market Forces? Fairness Perceptions of Price Hikes during the Pandemic," Post-Print hal-04854450, HAL.
    3. Fabrice Larceneux & Thomas Lefebvre, 2016. "The " Bad Deal " Illusion," Post-Print halshs-01671084, HAL.
    4. Bechwati, Nada Nasr & Sisodia, Rajendra S. & Sheth, Jagdish N., 2009. "Developing a model of antecedents to consumers' perceptions and evaluations of price unfairness," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 62(8), pages 761-767, August.
    5. Pick, Doreén & Zielke, Stephan, 2015. "How electricity providers communicate price increases – A qualitative analysis of notification letters," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 303-314.
    6. Nguyen, Bang & Klaus, Philipp “Philâ€, 2013. "Retail fairness: Exploring consumer perceptions of fairness towards retailers’ marketing tactics," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 20(3), pages 311-324.
    7. Huang, Wen-Hsien & Shen, George C. & Liang, Che-Ling, 2019. "The effect of threshold free shipping policies on online shoppers' willingness to pay for shipping," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 105-112.
    8. Marc A. Ragin & Benjamin L. Collier & Johannes G. Jaspersen, 2021. "The effect of information disclosure on demand for high‐load insurance," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 88(1), pages 161-193, March.
    9. Kemp, Simon & Bolle, Friedel, 1999. "Preferences in distributing scarce goods," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 20(1), pages 105-120, February.
    10. Hessel Oosterbeek & Randolph Sloof & Gijs van de Kuilen, 2004. "Cultural Differences in Ultimatum Game Experiments: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis," Experimental Economics, Springer;Economic Science Association, vol. 7(2), pages 171-188, June.
    11. van der Heijden, Eline C. M. & Nelissen, Jan H. M. & Verbon, Harrie A. A., 1997. "Altruism and fairness in a public pension system," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 32(4), pages 505-518, April.
    12. Bruno S. Frey & Lasse Steiner, 2010. "Pay as you go: a new proposal for museum pricing," IEW - Working Papers 485, Institute for Empirical Research in Economics - University of Zurich.
    13. Bruno S. Frey & David A. Savage & Benno Torgler, 2011. "Behavior under Extreme Conditions: The Titanic Disaster," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 25(1), pages 209-222, Winter.
    14. Konow, James, 1996. "A positive theory of economic fairness," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 31(1), pages 13-35, October.
    15. Frank Huber & Frederik Meyer & Kai Vollhardt & Tobias Heußler, 2011. "Die Bedeutung von Emotionen für die wahrgenommene Fairness bei Preiserhöhungen," Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, Springer, vol. 63(4), pages 404-426, June.
    16. Hatime Kamilcelebi, 2019. "Framing Effect and Decision-Making in the Market: A Research on Profit-Seeking and Religiousness in Turkey," International Journal of Asian Social Science, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 9(7), pages 417-425, July.
    17. Ashraf, Nava & Bohnet, Iris & Piankov, Nikita, 2003. "Is Trust a Bad Investment?," Working Paper Series rwp03-047, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government.
    18. Luiz Antonio Slongo & Carlos Sérgio Valdez Saldanha & Syed H. Akhter, 2014. "Low-Income Consumers in Brazil: Nuances of a Market That Can No Longer Be Ignored," International Journal of Management Sciences, Research Academy of Social Sciences, vol. 4(10), pages 485-505.
    19. Li, Shaobo (Kevin) & Kokkoris, Michail D. & Savani, Krishna, 2020. "Does everyone have the potential to achieve their ideal body weight? Lay theories about body weight and support for price discrimination policies," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 129-142.
    20. Ebbing, Tobias & Lüthje, Christian, 2021. "Pricing decisions of consumer innovators," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 50(8).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Dual Entitlement; Fairness Perceptions; Consumer Antagonism; COVID-19; Pandemic; Price Level; Price Adjustment; Price Increase; Price Rigidity; Sticky Prices;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E3 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
    • C9 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Design of Experiments

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:ebl:ecbull:eb-24-00103. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: John P. Conley (email available below). General contact details of provider: .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.