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Lipstick and Logarithms: Gender, Institutional Context, and Representative Bureaucracy

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  • KEISER, LAEL R.
  • WILKINS, VICKY M.
  • MEIER, KENNETH J.
  • HOLLAND, CATHERINE A.

Abstract

According to the theory of representative bureaucracy, passive representation among public employees will lead to active representation in bureaucratic outputs. Existing research demonstrates that the link between passive and active representation exists for race but not for sex. Past research on this topic has not, however, taken into account the contextual environment that affects whether sex will translate into gender and lead to active representation in the bureaucracy. In this paper, we create a framework that specifies the conditions that affect whether passive representation results in active representation for sex and then test this framework using the case of education. We find that passive representation of women in education leads to active representation and that the institutional context affects the extent to which this link between passive and active representation occurs.

Suggested Citation

  • Keiser, Lael R. & Wilkins, Vicky M. & Meier, Kenneth J. & Holland, Catherine A., 2002. "Lipstick and Logarithms: Gender, Institutional Context, and Representative Bureaucracy," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 96(3), pages 553-564, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:cup:apsrev:v:96:y:2002:i:03:p:553-564_00
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    Cited by:

    1. Hani Nouman & Nissim Cohen, 2023. "When active representation is not enough: ethnic minority street-level workers in a divided society and policy entrepreneurship," Policy Sciences, Springer;Society of Policy Sciences, vol. 56(4), pages 777-795, December.
    2. Zuzana Murdoch & Jarle Trondal & Benny Geys, 2016. "Representative bureaucracy and seconded national government officials in the European Commission," Regulation & Governance, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 10(4), pages 335-349, December.
    3. Diana Moreira & Santiago Pérez, 2022. "Who Benefits from Meritocracy?," NBER Working Papers 30113, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    4. García-Sánchez, Isabel-María & Suárez-Fernández, Oscar & Martínez-Ferrero, Jennifer, 2019. "Female directors and impression management in sustainability reporting," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 28(2), pages 359-374.
    5. Sangeeta Goel, 2014. "‘Bureaucratic Attitudes’—an Intermediary Variable of Policy Performance," Vision, , vol. 18(4), pages 299-308, December.
    6. Laura Doornkamp & Petra Van den Bekerom & Sandra Groeneveld, 2019. "The individual level effect of symbolic representation: An experimental study on teacher-student gender congruence and students’ perceived abilities in math," Journal of Behavioral Public Administration, Center for Experimental and Behavioral Public Administration, vol. 2(2).
    7. Trang Pham & Yung-Yu Tsai, 2024. "The Roles of Faculty Hiring and Retention in Shaping Diversity and Representation in US Higher Education Institutions: A Retrospective and Prospective Analysis from 2001 to 2035," Research in Higher Education, Springer;Association for Institutional Research, vol. 65(7), pages 1420-1460, November.
    8. Kristin Kanthak & George A. Krause, 2011. "Coordination dilemmas and the valuation of women in the U.S. Senate: Reconsidering the critical mass problem," Journal of Theoretical Politics, , vol. 23(2), pages 188-214, April.
    9. Assadi, Anahita & Lundin, Martin, 2015. "Tenure and street-level bureaucrats: how assessment tools are used at the frontline of the public sector," Working Paper Series 2015:19, IFAU - Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy.
    10. Kendall Funk, 2019. "If the shoe fits: Gender role congruity and evaluations of public managers," Journal of Behavioral Public Administration, Center for Experimental and Behavioral Public Administration, vol. 2(1).
    11. Walter R. Mebane & Jasjeet S. Sekhon, 2004. "Robust Estimation and Outlier Detection for Overdispersed Multinomial Models of Count Data," American Journal of Political Science, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 48(2), pages 392-411, April.
    12. Xuhong Su & Barry Bozeman, 2016. "Family Friendly Policies in STEM Departments: Awareness and Determinants," Research in Higher Education, Springer;Association for Institutional Research, vol. 57(8), pages 990-1009, December.
    13. Jaclyn Piatak & Zachary Mohr, 2019. "More gender bias in academia? Examining the influence of gender and formalization on student worker rule following," Journal of Behavioral Public Administration, Center for Experimental and Behavioral Public Administration, vol. 2(2).
    14. Friedman, Sam, 2022. "Climbing the velvet drainpipe: class background and career progression within the UK Civil Service," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 117861, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    15. SeoYoun Choi, 2018. "Bureaucratic characteristics and citizen trust in civil service in OECD member nations," International Area Studies Review, Center for International Area Studies, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, vol. 21(2), pages 114-133, June.
    16. Jussila Hammes, Johanna, 2013. "Civil servants’ education and the representativeness of the bureaucracy in environmental policy-making," Working papers in Transport Economics 2013:30, CTS - Centre for Transport Studies Stockholm (KTH and VTI).

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