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It All Happens at Once: Understanding Electoral Behaviour in Second-Order Elections

Author

Listed:
  • Hermann Schmitt

    (MZES, Universität Mannheim, Germany / Faculty of Humanities, University of Manchester, UK)

  • Alberto Sanz

    (Department of Mathematics and Statistics, EDEM University Center, Spain / Department of Operations Management, IE University, Spain)

  • Daniela Braun

    (Geschwister-Scholl Institute for Political Science, LMU Munich, Germany)

  • Eftichia Teperoglou

    (Department of Political Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece)

Abstract

The second-order election (SOE) model as originally formulated by Reif and Schmitt (1980) suggests that, relative to the preceding first-order election result, turnout is lower in SOEs, government and big parties lose, and small and ideologically extreme parties win. These regularities are not static but dynamic and related to the first-order electoral cycle. These predictions of the SOE model have often been tested using aggregate data. The fact that they are based on individual-level hypotheses has received less attention. The main aim of this article is to restate the micro-level hypotheses for the SOE model and run a rigorous test for the 2004 and 2014 European elections. Using data from the European Election Studies voter surveys, our analysis reveals signs of sincere, but also strategic abstentions in European Parliament elections. Both strategic and sincere motivations are also leading to SOE defection. It all happens at once.

Suggested Citation

  • Hermann Schmitt & Alberto Sanz & Daniela Braun & Eftichia Teperoglou, 2020. "It All Happens at Once: Understanding Electoral Behaviour in Second-Order Elections," Politics and Governance, Cogitatio Press, vol. 8(1), pages 6-18.
    • Handle: RePEc:cog:poango:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:6-18
    DOI: 10.17645/pag.v8i1.2513
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hermann Schmitt & Eftichia Teperoglou, 2015. "The 2014 European Parliament Elections in Southern Europe: Second-Order or Critical Elections?," South European Society and Politics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 20(3), pages 287-309, July.
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    7. Anthony Downs, 1957. "An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Democracy," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 65(2), pages 135-135.
    8. Hermann Schmitt & Ilke Toygür, 2016. "European Parliament Elections of May 2014: Driven by National Politics or EU Policy Making?," Politics and Governance, Cogitatio Press, vol. 4(1), pages 167-181.
    9. Hermann Schmitt & Ilke Toygür, 2016. "European Parliament Elections of May 2014: Driven by National Politics or EU Policy Making?," Politics and Governance, Cogitatio Press, vol. 4(1), pages 167-181.
    10. Swen Hutter & Edgar Grande, 2014. "Politicizing Europe in the National Electoral Arena: A Comparative Analysis of Five West European Countries, 1970–2010," Journal of Common Market Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 52(5), pages 1002-1018, September.
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    Cited by:

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    3. Zoe Lefkofridi, 2020. "Competition in the European Arena: How the Rules of the Game Help Nationalists Gain," Politics and Governance, Cogitatio Press, vol. 8(1), pages 41-49.

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