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La critique du Capital au XXI e siècle . À la recherche des fondements macroéconomiques des inégalités

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  • Guillaume Allègre
  • Xavier Timbeau

Abstract

Dans son ouvrage Le capital au XXIe siècle, Thomas Piketty propose une analyse critique de la dynamique de l'accumulation du capital. L'auteur montre que si le rendement du capital (r) est plus élevé que la croissance économique (g), ce qui a pratiquement toujours été le cas dans l'histoire, alors il est presque inévitable que les patrimoines hérités dominent les patrimoines constitués et que la concentration du capital atteigne des niveaux extrêmement élevés. Le livre cherche ainsi des fondements macroéconomiques (r > g) aux inégalités alors que les explications habituelles sont d'ordre micro-économique. Nous soulignons que l'on peut interpréter les faits décrits selon une causalité différente où les inégalités découlent du fonctionnement (imparfait) des marchés, des rentes de rareté et de l'établissement des droits de propriété. Selon cette interprétation, ce n'est pas r > g qui a transformé les entrepreneurs en rentiers, mais la mise en place de mécanismes permettant l'extraction d'une rente perpétuelle qui explique la constance historique r > g. Cette interprétation différente des mêmes phénomènes a des conséquences en termes de politique publique. L'imposition ex post du capital, si nécessaire, ne peut être qu'un choix de second rang : il faut d'abord lever les contraintes de rareté et se préoccuper de la définition des droits de propriété ainsi que des droits des propriétaires et des non-propriétaires.
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Suggested Citation

  • Guillaume Allègre & Xavier Timbeau, 2015. "La critique du Capital au XXI e siècle . À la recherche des fondements macroéconomiques des inégalités," Revue de l'OFCE, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 0(1), pages 31-55.
  • Handle: RePEc:cai:reofsp:reof_137_0031
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Thomas Piketty, 2013. "Le capital au XXIe siècle," Post-Print halshs-00979232, HAL.
    2. Xavier Timbeau, 2013. "Comment construire (au moins) 1 million de logements en région parisienne," Revue de l'OFCE, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 0(2), pages 315-340.
    3. Paul Krugman, 1998. "Space: The Final Frontier," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 12(2), pages 161-174, Spring.
    4. Milanovic, Branko, 2009. "Global inequality and the global inequality extraction ratio: the story of the past two centuries," Policy Research Working Paper Series 5044, The World Bank.
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    6. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/7o52iohb7k6srk09mgl120sj7 is not listed on IDEAS
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    1. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/2e8tapts2m90boesiatcnaqkne is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Gilles Rotillon, 2016. "Thomas Piketty, Le capital au XXIe siècle," Post-Print hal-01885270, HAL.
    3. Florian Botte & Laurent Cordonnier & Thomas Dallery & Vincent Duwicquet & Jordan Melmies & Franck van de Velde, 2017. "The cost of capital: between losses and diversion of wealth [Le coût du capital : entre pertes et détournement de richesses]," Working Papers hal-01711157, HAL.
    4. Guillaume Allegre & Xavier Timbeau, 2014. "Welcome to Nouillorc le capital-logement ne contribue-t-il vraiment pas aux inégalités ?," SciencePo Working papers Main hal-03460427, HAL.
    5. repec:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/2e8tapts2m90boesiatcnaqkne is not listed on IDEAS
    6. Guillaume Allegre & Xavier Timbeau, 2015. "Le patrimoine au XXIè siècle," SciencePo Working papers Main hal-01322601, HAL.
    7. Gilles ROTILLON, 2015. "Thomas Piketty, Le capital au XXIe siècle," Review of Agricultural and Environmental Studies - Revue d'Etudes en Agriculture et Environnement, INRA Department of Economics, vol. 96(4), pages 747-754.
    8. ROTILLON, Gilles, 2015. "Thomas Piketty, Le capital au XXIe siècle," Review of Agricultural and Environmental Studies - Revue d'Etudes en Agriculture et Environnement (RAEStud), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), vol. 96(4), November.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    capital; income; inequality; growth; redistribution; taxation;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D3 - Microeconomics - - Distribution
    • D63 - Microeconomics - - Welfare Economics - - - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
    • E21 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Consumption; Saving; Wealth
    • E22 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Investment; Capital; Intangible Capital; Capacity
    • E25 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution

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