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21st century economic development: Telework and its impact on local income

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  • Roberto Gallardo
  • Brian Whitacre

Abstract

Telework, or telecommuting, is gaining increasing attention at the national level. However, the impact it has on local economies is not well understood. Theoretically, teleworking may result in higher levels of worker satisfaction and productivity, which in turn leads to increased income levels. In an effort to contribute to this important topic, this paper analyses census‐tract level work from home statistics from the 2011–2015 American Community Survey. Results from a maximum likelihood regression using a spatial Durbin error model (SDEM) indicate that after controlling for various factors such as employment by industry, educational attainment, and broadband availability, the percentage of residents working from home in both salaried and self‐employed jobs had a positive and significant impact on median household income. Importantly, spillovers from levels of telework in neighbouring communities are also shown to exist, although the direction of impact differs by worker category. The implications of this research support the need to modify current economic and workforce development policies to better nurture, attract, and retain teleworkers. A series of policy recommendations are discussed to help jumpstart this process. El teletrabajo, o trabajo a distancia, está atrayendo cada vez más atención a nivel nacional. Sin embargo, el impacto que tiene en las economías locales aún no se comprende lo suficiente. Teóricamente, el teletrabajo puede generar mayores niveles de satisfacción y productividad de los trabajadores, lo que a su vez conduce a mayores niveles de ingresos. En un esfuerzo por contribuir a este tema tan importante, este artículo analiza el trabajo a nivel de tracto censal de las estadísticas de hogares de la Encuesta de la Comunidad Estadounidense 2011‐2015. Los resultados de una regresión de máxima verosimilitud, para la que se empleó un modelo de error espacial de Durbin (SDEM, por sus siglas en inglés), indican que después de controlar varios factores como el empleo por industria, logro educativo y disponibilidad de banda ancha, el porcentaje de residentes que trabajan desde casa en empleos asalariados y por cuenta propia tuvo un impacto positivo y significativo en la mediana del ingreso familiar. Es importante señalar que también se ha demostrado que existen spillovers en las comunidades vecinas derivados de los niveles de teletrabajo, aunque la dirección del impacto difiere según la categoría de trabajador. Las implicaciones de esta investigación respaldan la necesidad de modificar las políticas actuales de desarrollo económico y de la fuerza laboral para nutrir, atraer y retener mejor a los teletrabajadores. Se discute una serie de recomendaciones sobre políticas para ayudar a impulsar este proceso. テレワーク(またはテレコミューティング)は全国レベルでますます注目されるようになってきている。しかしながら地域経済に対するテレワークのインパクトについては、十分には解明されていない。理論上は、テレワークにより労働者の満足度と生産性が向上する可能性があり、さらには給与水準の上昇につながるとされている。この重要な課題に取り組むため、本稿では、2011年から2015年のAmerican Community Survey の国勢統計区レベルでの在宅勤務の統計を分析する。spatial Durbin error model (SDEM) を用いた最尤推定法による回帰分析の結果は、産業別の雇用者数、学歴、ブロードバンド利用状況などの要因に関して調整した後では、従業員および自営業者の両方の在宅ワーカーの割合(%)が平均世帯収入に有意かつプラスのインパクトを与えている。重要なこととして、在宅ワーカーのカテゴリーによりインパクトの方向が異なるものの、隣接するコミュニティにおけるテレワークのレベルからスピルオーバー効果が存在することも認められた。本研究から得られた知見は、より多くのテレワーカーを育成し、テレワーカーにとって好ましく、テレワークを続けられるように現行の経済開発および労働力開発の政策を改正する必要性を支持するものである。このプロセスが開始できるように一連の政策的推奨事項について考察する。

Suggested Citation

  • Roberto Gallardo & Brian Whitacre, 2018. "21st century economic development: Telework and its impact on local income," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 10(2), pages 103-123, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:10:y:2018:i:2:p:103-123
    DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12117
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    Cited by:

    1. Carvalho, Mckenzie & Hagerman, Amy D. & Whitacre, Brian, 2022. "Telework and COVID-19 Resiliency in the Southeastern United States," Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, Mid-Continent Regional Science Association, vol. 52(1), April.
    2. Lena MALESEVIC PEROVIC, 2021. "Macroeconomic Effects Of Teleworking In Eu27: Stochastic Frontier Approach," Regional Science Inquiry, Hellenic Association of Regional Scientists, vol. 0(2), pages 33-42, June.
    3. repec:ags:aaea22:335871 is not listed on IDEAS
    4. Gregor Murray & Dalia Gesualdi-Fecteau & Christian Lévesque & Nicolas Roby, 2023. "What makes work better or worse? An analytical framework," Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, , vol. 29(3), pages 305-322, August.
    5. Pender, John & Goldstein, Joshua & Mahoney-Nair, Devika, 2022. "Impacts of the Broadband Initiatives Program on broadband adoption and home telework," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(8).
    6. Schmit, Todd M. & Severson, Roberta M., 2021. "Exploring the feasibility of rural broadband cooperatives in the United States: The new New Deal?," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 45(4).
    7. Alexander Sheludkov & Alexandra Starikova, 2022. "Nighttime‐lights satellite imagery reveals hotspots of second home mobility in rural Russia (a case study of Yaroslavl Oblast)," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 14(4), pages 877-890, August.
    8. Guiffard, Jean-Baptiste, 2024. "Valuing the virtual: The impact of fiber to the home on property prices in France," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(4).
    9. Becchetti, Leonardo & Salustri, Francesco & Solferino, Nazaria, 2022. "The new industrial revolution: The optimal choice for flexible work companies," GLO Discussion Paper Series 1087, Global Labor Organization (GLO).

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