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Looking through a policy window with tinted glasses: Setting the agenda for U.S. AI policy

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  • Daniel S. Schiff

Abstract

The policy agenda is currently being established for artificial intelligence (AI), a domain marked by complex and sweeping implications for economic transformation tempered by concerns about social and ethical risks. This article reviews the United States national AI policy strategy through extensive qualitative and quantitative content analysis of 63 strategic AI policy documents curated by the federal government between 2016 and 2020. Drawing on a prominent theory of agenda setting, the Multiple Streams Framework, and in light of competing paradigms of technology policy, this article reviews how the U.S. government understands the key policy problems, solutions, and issue frames associated with AI. Findings indicate minimal attention to focusing events or problem indicators emphasizing social and ethical concerns, as opposed to economic and geopolitical ones. Further, broad statements noting ethical dimensions of AI often fail to translate into specific policy solutions, which may be explained by a lack of technical feasibility or value acceptability of ethics‐related policy solutions, along with institutional constraints for agencies in specific policy sectors. Finally, despite widespread calls for increased public participation, proposed solutions remain expert dominated. Overall, while the emerging U.S. AI policy agenda reflects a striking level of attention to ethics—a promising development for policy stakeholders invested in AI ethics and more socially oriented approaches to technology governance—this success is only partial and is ultimately layered into a traditional strategic approach to innovation policy. La agenda de políticas se está estableciendo actualmente para la inteligencia artificial (IA), un dominio marcado por implicaciones complejas y amplias para la transformación económica atenuadas por preocupaciones sobre riesgos sociales y éticos. Este artículo revisa la estrategia política nacional de IA de los Estados Unidos a través de un extenso análisis de contenido cualitativo y cuantitativo de 63 documentos de políticas estratégicas de IA seleccionados por el gobierno federal entre 2016 y 2020. Basándose en una teoría destacada de establecimiento de agenda, el Marco de flujos múltiples, y a la luz de paradigmas competitivos de política tecnológica, este artículo revisa cómo el gobierno de los EE. UU. entiende los problemas de política clave, las soluciones y los marcos de problemas asociados con la IA. Los hallazgos indican una atención mínima a los eventos de enfoque o indicadores de problemas que enfatizan las preocupaciones sociales y éticas, en oposición a las económicas y geopolíticas. Además, las declaraciones amplias que señalan las dimensiones éticas de la IA a menudo no se traducen en soluciones de políticas específicas, lo que puede explicarse por la falta de viabilidad técnica o aceptabilidad del valor de las soluciones de políticas relacionadas con la ética, junto con las limitaciones institucionales para las agencias en sectores de políticas específicos. Finalmente, a pesar de los llamados generalizados para una mayor participación pública, las soluciones propuestas siguen dominadas por expertos. En general, si bien la agenda emergente de políticas de IA de los EE. UU. refleja un sorprendente nivel de atención a la ética, un desarrollo prometedor para las partes interesadas en políticas que invierten en la ética de la IA y enfoques más orientados socialmente para la gobernanza de la tecnología, este éxito es solo parcial y, en última instancia, se superpone a una estrategia tradicional. enfoque estratégico de la política de innovación. 目前,人工智能(AI)领域正制定政策议程,该领域的特点是对经济转型具有复杂而广泛的影响,而这种影响因社会风险和道德风险方面的关切而有所缓和。本文通过对2016年至2020年美国联邦政府策划的63份AI战略政策文件进行广泛的定性和定量内容分析,进而述评了美国国家AI政策战略。通过借鉴著名的议程设置理论、多源流框架,并根据技术政策的一系列竞争范式,本文述评了美国政府如何理解与AI相关的关键政策问题、解决方案和问题框架。结果表明,与经济问题和地缘政治问题相比,强调社会问题和道德问题的焦点事件或问题指标获得了最低程度的关注。此外,提及AI伦理层面的广泛声明往往无法转化为具体的政策解决方案,这可能是由于伦理相关的政策解决方案缺乏技术可行性或价值可接受性,以及特定政策部门中的机构存在制度限制。最后,尽管广泛呼吁要求增加公众参与,但提出的解决方案仍然由专家主导。总的来说,虽然新兴的美国AI政策议程反映出对伦理的惊人关注——对于投身于AI伦理的政策利益攸关方和更社会导向的技术治理方法而言,这是一个有前景的发展领域——但这种成功只是部分的,并最终融入创新政策的传统战略方针。

Suggested Citation

  • Daniel S. Schiff, 2023. "Looking through a policy window with tinted glasses: Setting the agenda for U.S. AI policy," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 40(5), pages 729-756, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:revpol:v:40:y:2023:i:5:p:729-756
    DOI: 10.1111/ropr.12535
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Inga Ulnicane & Tero Erkkilä, 2023. "Politics and policy of Artificial Intelligence," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 40(5), pages 612-625, September.
    2. Inga Ulnicane & Aini Aden, 2023. "Power and politics in framing bias in Artificial Intelligence policy," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 40(5), pages 665-687, September.
    3. Jongheon Kim, 2023. "Traveling AI‐essentialism and national AI strategies: A comparison between South Korea and France," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 40(5), pages 705-728, September.

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