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Environmental Engel curves: A neural network approach

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  • Tullio Mancini
  • Hector Calvo‐Pardo
  • Jose Olmo

Abstract

Environmental Engel curves describe how households' income relates to the pollution associated with the services and goods consumed. This paper estimates these curves with neural networks using the novel dataset constructed in Levinson and O'Brien. We provide further statistical rigor to the empirical analysis by constructing prediction intervals obtained from novel neural network methods such as extra‐neural nets and MC dropout. The application of these techniques for five different pollutants allow us to confirm statistically that Environmental Engel curves are upward sloping, have income elasticities smaller than one and shift down, becoming more concave, over time. Importantly, for the last year of the sample, we find an inverted U shape that suggests the existence of a maximum in pollution for medium‐to‐high levels of household income beyond which pollution flattens or decreases for top income earners.

Suggested Citation

  • Tullio Mancini & Hector Calvo‐Pardo & Jose Olmo, 2022. "Environmental Engel curves: A neural network approach," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 71(5), pages 1543-1568, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:jorssc:v:71:y:2022:i:5:p:1543-1568
    DOI: 10.1111/rssc.12588
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    References listed on IDEAS

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