IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/jbfnac/v41y2014i5-6p743-772.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Are the Discounts in Seasoned Equity Offers Due to Inelastic Demand?

Author

Listed:
  • Seth Armitage
  • Dionysia Dionysiou
  • Angelica Gonzalez

Abstract

This paper investigates the large and diverse discounts in UK open offers and placings. Large discounts are a substantial cost to shareholders who do not buy new shares. The existing literature mainly examines US firm-commitment offers and private placements. The institutional setting differs in the UK, in ways that make the theory of inelastic demand for shares more important as an explanation for discounts than in the US. The paper finds that inelastic demand, or illiquidity of the issuer's shares, and financial distress, are key determinants of the discount. We expect these results to apply to other stock markets.

Suggested Citation

  • Seth Armitage & Dionysia Dionysiou & Angelica Gonzalez, 2014. "Are the Discounts in Seasoned Equity Offers Due to Inelastic Demand?," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 41(5-6), pages 743-772, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:jbfnac:v:41:y:2014:i:5-6:p:743-772
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/jbfa.12074
    Download Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Myers, Stewart C. & Majluf, Nicholas S., 1984. "Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 13(2), pages 187-221, June.
    2. Stewart C. Myers & Nicholas S. Majluf, 1984. "Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions When Firms Have InformationThat Investors Do Not Have," NBER Working Papers 1396, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    3. Butler, Alexander W. & Grullon, Gustavo & Weston, James P., 2005. "Stock Market Liquidity and the Cost of Issuing Equity," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 40(2), pages 331-348, June.
    4. Robert Comment, 2012. "Revisiting the Illiquidity Discount for Private Companies: A New (and “Skeptical”) Restricted‐Stock Study," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 24(1), pages 80-91, March.
    5. Na Dai & Hoje Jo & John D. Schatzberg, 2010. "The Quality and Price of Investment Banks’ Service: Evidence from the PIPE Market," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 39(2), pages 585-612, June.
    6. Susan Chaplinsky, 2010. "Financing under Extreme Risk: Contract Terms and Returns to Private Investments in Public Equity," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 23(7), pages 2789-2820, July.
    7. Loderer, Claudio & Cooney, John W & van Drunen, Leonard D, 1991. "The Price Elasticity of Demand for Common Stock," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 46(2), pages 621-651, June.
    8. Kevin F. Hallock & Regina Madalozzo & Clayton G. Reck, 2010. "CEO Pay‐For‐Performance Heterogeneity Using Quantile Regression," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 45(1), pages 1-19, February.
    9. Thomas J. Chemmanur & Yawen Jiao, 2011. "Institutional Trading, Information Production, and the SEO Discount: A Model of Seasoned Equity Offerings," Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 20(1), pages 299-338, March.
    10. Ji-Chai Lin & Bahar Ulupinar, 2013. "Underwriting Fees and Shareholder Rights," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(9-10), pages 1276-1303, November.
    11. Seth Armitage, 1998. "Seasoned equity offers and rights issues: a review of the evidence," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 4(1), pages 29-59.
    12. Abdullah Iqbal & Susanne Espenlaub & Norman Strong, 2009. "Earnings management around UK open offers," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 15(1), pages 29-51.
    13. Geert Bekaert & Campbell R. Harvey & Christian Lundblad, 2007. "Liquidity and Expected Returns: Lessons from Emerging Markets," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 20(6), pages 1783-1831, November.
    14. Wruck, Karen H. & Wu, YiLin, 2009. "Relationships, corporate governance, and performance: Evidence from private placements of common stock," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 15(1), pages 30-47, February.
    15. Edel Barnes & Martin Walker, 2006. "The Seasoned-Equity Issues of UK Firms: Market Reaction and Issuance Method Choice," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(1-2), pages 45-78.
    16. Sara B. Moeller & Frederik P. Schlingemann & René M. Stulz, 2005. "Wealth Destruction on a Massive Scale? A Study of Acquiring‐Firm Returns in the Recent Merger Wave," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 60(2), pages 757-782, April.
    17. Michael Hertzel & Michael Lemmon & James S. Linck & Lynn Rees, 2002. "Long‐Run Performance following Private Placements of Equity," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 57(6), pages 2595-2617, December.
    18. Lesmond, David A., 2005. "Liquidity of emerging markets," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 77(2), pages 411-452, August.
    19. Huang, Rongbing & Zhang, Donghang, 2011. "Managing Underwriters and the Marketing of Seasoned Equity Offerings," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 46(1), pages 141-170, February.
    20. Kenneth A. Kim & Hyun‐Han Shin, 2004. "The Puzzling Increase in the Underpricing of Seasoned Equity Offerings," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 39(3), pages 343-365, August.
    21. Shane A. Corwin, 2003. "The Determinants of Underpricing for Seasoned Equity Offers," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 58(5), pages 2249-2279, October.
    22. Cronqvist, Henrik & Nilsson, Mattias, 2005. "The choice between rights offerings and private equity placements," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(2), pages 375-407, November.
    23. Linck, James S. & Netter, Jeffry M. & Yang, Tina, 2008. "The determinants of board structure," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 87(2), pages 308-328, February.
    24. Seth Armitage, 2007. "Discounts in Placing Pre-renounced Shares in Rights Issues," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 34(7-8), pages 1345-1369.
    25. Seth Armitage, 2010. "Block Buying and Choice of Issue Method in UK Seasoned Equity Offers," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(3-4), pages 422-448.
    26. Seth Armitage, 2010. "Block Buying and Choice of Issue Method in UK Seasoned Equity Offers," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(3‐4), pages 422-448, April.
    27. Mola, Simona & Loughran, Tim, 2004. "Discounting and Clustering in Seasoned Equity Offering Prices," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 39(1), pages 1-23, March.
    28. Seth Armitage, 2012. "The calculation of returns during seasoned equity offers," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(5), pages 393-417, May.
    29. Wu, YiLin, 2004. "The choice of equity-selling mechanisms," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(1), pages 93-119, October.
    30. David J. Brophy & Paige P. Ouimet & Clemens Sialm, 2009. "Hedge Funds as Investors of Last Resort?," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 22(2), pages 541-574, February.
    31. René M. Stulz & Dimitrios Vagias & Mathijs A. van Dijk, 2013. "Do Firms Issue more equity when markets are more liquid?," NBER Working Papers 19229, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    32. Chen, Hsuan-Chi & Dai, Na & Schatzberg, John D., 2010. "The choice of equity selling mechanisms: PIPEs versus SEOs," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 16(1), pages 104-119, February.
    33. Balachandran, Balasingham & Faff, Robert & Theobald, Michael, 2008. "Rights offerings, takeup, renounceability, and underwriting status," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 89(2), pages 328-346, August.
    34. Susanne Espenlaub & Abdullah Iqbal & Norman Strong, 2009. "Datastream returns and UK open offers," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 15(1), pages 61-69.
    35. Ivashina, Victoria & Sun, Zheng, 2011. "Institutional demand pressure and the cost of corporate loans," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(3), pages 500-522, March.
    36. Hertzel, Michael G & Smith, Richard L, 1993. "Market Discounts and Shareholder Gains for Placing Equity Privately," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 48(2), pages 459-485, June.
    37. Abdullah Iqbal, 2008. "The Importance of the Sequence in UK Rights Issues," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(1‐2), pages 150-176, January.
    38. Barclay, Michael J. & Holderness, Clifford G. & Sheehan, Dennis P., 2007. "Private placements and managerial entrenchment," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 13(4), pages 461-484, September.
    39. Kothari, S.P. & Leone, Andrew J. & Wasley, Charles E., 2005. "Performance matched discretionary accrual measures," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 163-197, February.
    40. Dai, Na, 2007. "Does investor identity matter? An empirical examination of investments by venture capital funds and hedge funds in PIPEs," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 13(4), pages 538-563, September.
    41. Lee, Gemma & Masulis, Ronald W., 2009. "Seasoned equity offerings: Quality of accounting information and expected flotation costs," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(3), pages 443-469, June.
    42. Abdullah Iqbal, 2008. "The Importance of the Sequence in UK Rights Issues," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(1-2), pages 150-176.
    43. Wruck, Karen Hopper, 1989. "Equity ownership concentration and firm value : Evidence from private equity financings," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 23(1), pages 3-28, June.
    44. Krishnamurthy, Srinivasan & Spindt, Paul & Subramaniam, Venkat & Woidtke, Tracie, 2005. "Does investor identity matter in equity issues? Evidence from private placements," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 14(2), pages 210-238, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ji Sun & Yi Zhou & Jiaguo (George) Wang & Jie (Michael) Guo, 2020. "Influence of media coverage and sentiment on seasoned equity offerings," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 60(S1), pages 557-585, April.
    2. Adrian Melia & Paul Docherty & Steve Easton, 2020. "The impact of regulation on the seasoned equity offering decision," Australian Journal of Management, Australian School of Business, vol. 45(1), pages 94-113, February.
    3. Hue Hwa Au Yong & Christine Brown & Choy Yeing (Chloe) Ho & Chander Shekhar, 2021. "Rights issues: Retail shareholders and their participation decisions," International Review of Finance, International Review of Finance Ltd., vol. 21(3), pages 917-944, September.
    4. Foley, Sean & Kwan, Amy & Low, Siyuan Adrian & Svec, Jiri, 2018. "The rise before the close: Underwriter trading around SEOs," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 221-235.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Au Yong, Hue Hwa & Brown, Christine & Ho, Choy Yeing (Chloe) & Shekhar, Chander, 2024. "Equity in capital raising? Empirical evidence from structured private placements," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    2. Dahiya, Sandeep & Klapper, Leora & Parthasarathy, Harini & Singer, Dorothe, 2017. "Equity raising by Asian firms: Choosing between PIPEs and SEOs," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 64-83.
    3. Gao, Xuechen & Hsu, Yuan-Teng & Wang, Xuewu (Wesley) & Yuan, Weici, 2022. "The choice of flotation methods: Evidence from Chinese seasoned equity offerings," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 129(C).
    4. Jia, Gang & Li, Wanli & Zhang, He, 2019. "Impact of entrenched ultimate owners’ self-dealing on SEO methods choice and discounts of private placements––Evidence from listed companies in China," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 404-422.
    5. Hsu, Ching-Yu & Chen, Sheng-Syan & Huang, Chia-Wei, 2021. "Board independence and PIPE offerings," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 478-500.
    6. Suichen Xu & Janice How & Peter Verhoeven & Tom Smith, 2017. "Corporate governance and private placement issuance in Australia," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 57(3), pages 907-933, September.
    7. Chen, An-Sing & Cheng, Lee-Young & Cheng, Kuang-Fu & Chih, Shu-Wei, 2010. "Earnings management, market discounts and the performance of private equity placements," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(8), pages 1922-1932, August.
    8. Chen, Sheng-Syan & Hsu, Ching-Yu & Huang, Chia-Wei, 2016. "The white squire defense: Evidence from private investments in public equity," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 16-35.
    9. Floros, Ioannis V. & Sapp, Travis R.A., 2012. "Why do firms issue private equity repeatedly? On the motives and information content of multiple PIPE offerings," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(12), pages 3469-3481.
    10. Elizabeth Maynes & J. Ari Pandes, 2011. "The Wealth Effects of Reducing Private Placement Resale Restrictions," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 17(3), pages 500-531, June.
    11. Paul P. Momtaz, 2023. "The economics of PIPEs, revisited," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 60(1), pages 59-83, January.
    12. Liang, Hsiao-Chen & Jang, Woan-Yuh, 2013. "Information asymmetry and monitoring in equity private placements," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 53(4), pages 460-475.
    13. Seth Armitage, 2010. "Block Buying and Choice of Issue Method in UK Seasoned Equity Offers," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(3-4), pages 422-448.
    14. Chen, Hsuan-Chi & Dai, Na & Schatzberg, John D., 2010. "The choice of equity selling mechanisms: PIPEs versus SEOs," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 16(1), pages 104-119, February.
    15. Lee, Chin-Chong & Poon, Wai-Ching & Sinnakkannu, Jothee, 2014. "Why are rights offers in Hong Kong so different?," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 176-197.
    16. Dahiya, Sandeep & Klapper, Leora & Parthasarathy, Harini & Singer, Dorothe, 2013. "The role of private equity investments in public firms : international evidence," Policy Research Working Paper Series 6484, The World Bank.
    17. Dai, Na, 2011. "Monitoring via staging: Evidence from Private investments in public equity," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(12), pages 3417-3431.
    18. Mark D. Walker & Qingqing Wu, 2024. "PIPEs, firm investment, and viability," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 62(1), pages 171-194, January.
    19. Lim, Jongha & Schwert, Michael & Weisbach, Michael S., 2021. "The economics of PIPEs," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 45(C).
    20. John, Kose & Mateti, Ravi S. & Vasudevan, Gopala & Amira, Khaled, 2016. "Investor protection and firm value: Evidence from PIPE offerings," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 78-89.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bla:jbfnac:v:41:y:2014:i:5-6:p:743-772. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0306-686X .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.