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The Puzzling Increase in the Underpricing of Seasoned Equity Offerings

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  • Kenneth A. Kim
  • Hyun‐Han Shin

Abstract

Using a sample of over 3,000 seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) from 1983 to 1998, we test the hypothesis that the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's Rule 10b‐21, which disallows the covering of short positions with newly issued SEOs, makes pre‐offer stock prices less informative, which, in turn, causes the new seasoned equity to be priced at a discount. Consistent with the hypothesis, we find that the year the rule went into effect coincides with the year from which we begin observing significant SEO discounts. Further, we find that ex ante uncertainty and SEO discounts are positively related. We also conduct tests specifically related to short selling, and we also consider an exhaustive set of alternative explanations for the discounts. Based on all of the evidence, we conclude that it is the rule that makes issue discounts larger in the 1990s.

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  • Kenneth A. Kim & Hyun‐Han Shin, 2004. "The Puzzling Increase in the Underpricing of Seasoned Equity Offerings," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 39(3), pages 343-365, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:finrev:v:39:y:2004:i:3:p:343-365
    DOI: 10.1111/j.0732-8516.2004.00079.x
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    Cited by:

    1. Charoenwong, Charlie & Ding, David K. & Wang, Ping, 2013. "Short sales constraint and SEO pricing," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 107-118.
    2. Autore, Don M. & Gehy, Dominique, 2013. "Changing the rules again: Short selling in connection with public equity offers," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(6), pages 1974-1985.
    3. Don M. Autore & Jared R. DeLisle, 2016. "Skewness Preference and Seasoned Equity Offers," The Review of Corporate Finance Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 5(2), pages 200-238.
    4. Autore, Don M., 2011. "Does Rule 10b-21 increase SEO discounting?," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 20(2), pages 231-247, April.
    5. Poon, Winnie P.H. & Chan, Kam C. & Firth, Michael A., 2013. "Does having a credit rating leave less money on the table when raising capital? A study of credit ratings and seasoned equity offerings in China," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 22(C), pages 88-106.
    6. Hackney, John & Henry, Tyler R. & Koski, Jennifer L., 2020. "Arbitrage vs. informed short selling: Evidence from convertible bond issuers," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    7. Deshmukh, Sanjay & Gamble, Keith Jacks & Howe, Keith M., 2017. "Informed short selling around SEO announcements," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 121-138.
    8. Li, Haoyang & Yang, Mingjing & Chan, Kam C. & Gao, Shenghao, 2022. "Do institutional investors’ corporate site visits impact seasoned equity offering discounts? Evidence from detailed investor bids in SEO auctions," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    9. Yang, Mingjing & Cheng, Xiaoke & Sun, Qian & Lu, Chao, 2019. "How does analyst forecast dispersion affect SEO discounts in uniform-price auction system? Evidence from investor bids in China," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 198-208.
    10. Foley, Sean & Kwan, Amy & Low, Siyuan Adrian & Svec, Jiri, 2018. "The rise before the close: Underwriter trading around SEOs," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 221-235.
    11. Gupta, Manu & Prakash, Puneet & Rangan, Nanda K., 2013. "Equity issue-specific versus broad regulatory protections against expropriation risk: International evidence from SEOs," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(C), pages 146-166.
    12. Nils Bobenhausen & Wolfgang Breuer & Astrid Salzmann, 2020. "Determinants of discounts in equity rights issues: An international comparison," Review of Financial Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 38(2), pages 300-320, April.
    13. Don M. Autore & Jeffrey Hobbs & Tunde Kovacs & Vivek Singh, 2019. "Do shareholder rights influence the direct costs of issuing seasoned equity?," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 52(1), pages 1-33, January.
    14. Seth Armitage & Dionysia Dionysiou & Angelica Gonzalez, 2014. "Are the Discounts in Seasoned Equity Offers Due to Inelastic Demand?," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 41(5-6), pages 743-772, June.
    15. Thomas J. Chemmanur & Yawen Jiao, 2011. "Institutional Trading, Information Production, and the SEO Discount: A Model of Seasoned Equity Offerings," Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 20(1), pages 299-338, March.
    16. Chemmanur, Thomas J. & He, Shan & Hu, Gang, 2009. "The role of institutional investors in seasoned equity offerings," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 94(3), pages 384-411, December.
    17. Huang, Chia-Wei & Ho, Po-Hsin & Lin, Chih-Yung & Yen, Ju-Fang, 2014. "Firm age, idiosyncratic risk, and long-run SEO underperformance," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 246-266.
    18. Andrea Signori & Silvio Vismara, 2017. "Stock-financed M&As of newly listed firms," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 48(1), pages 115-134, January.
    19. Cline, Brandon N. & Fu, Xudong & Tang, Tian, 2015. "Do investors value SEO lockup agreements?," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 68(2), pages 314-321.
    20. Xunan Feng & Kam C. Chan, 2019. "Mutual funds’ selective participation and subsequent performance of seasoned equity offerings," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 56(6), pages 1797-1822, June.
    21. repec:dau:papers:123456789/9015 is not listed on IDEAS
    22. Sun, Qian & Cheng, Xiaoke & Gao, Shenghao & Yang, Mingjing, 2020. "Are SEO investors misled by analyst optimism bias? Evidence from investor bids in SEO auctions," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 90-104.
    23. Gao, Shenghao & Liu, Jinzhao & Zhang, Qi & Zhou, Jun, 2023. "Stock hyping before auction-style SEOs: Are primary market investors misled?," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 123-140.
    24. Liu, Jinzhao & Gao, Shenghao & Zhou, Jun, 2019. "Clustering and discounting in auction-style SEOs – Evidence from China," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    25. Yang, Mingjing & Cheng, Xiaoke & Chan, Kam C. & Gao, Shenghao, 2018. "Information cost or heterogeneous beliefs? An examination of the impact of value uncertainty on auction-style SEO discounts in China," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 206-217.

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