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Cointegration, And Causality: Exploring The Relationship Between Agricultural And Productivity

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  • D. Schimmelpfennig
  • C. Thirtle

Abstract

This study investigates the causal relationships between total factor productivity (TFP) and explanatory variables, such as public sector agricultural extension, farmer education, private sector patents and the weather. Cointegration and Granger causality tests are applied to the UK data which were used by Hallam (1990). Unlike Hallam, we find that there is a relationship between research spending and productivity. The same methodology is applied to new data for ten EC countries and the USA. In all cases there is evidence of a long run relationship between TFP and. Pooling the data for the ten EC countries and the USA, and then testing for causality shows that expenditures are Granger prior to TFP and that TFP is also Granger prior to expenditures. This result agrees with Pardey and Craig's (1989) US study.

Suggested Citation

  • D. Schimmelpfennig & C. Thirtle, 1994. "Cointegration, And Causality: Exploring The Relationship Between Agricultural And Productivity," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(2), pages 220-231, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:jageco:v:45:y:1994:i:2:p:220-231
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-9552.1994.tb00396.x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Fuglie, Keith & Ballenger, Nicole & Rubenstein, Kelly Day & Klotz, Cassandra & Ollinger, Michael & Reilly, John & Vasavada, Utpal & Yee, Jet, 1996. "Agricultural Research and Development: Public and Private Investments Under Alternative Markets and Institutions," Agricultural Economic Reports 262031, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
    2. Alejandro Plastina & Lilyan Fulginiti, 2012. "Rates of return to public agricultural research in 48 US states," Journal of Productivity Analysis, Springer, vol. 37(2), pages 95-113, April.
    3. Rahmatullah, A. B. Md. & Kuroda, Yoshimi, 2005. "Causality between Capital Investment and Productivity in Japanese Agriculture, 1957-97," Japanese Journal of Agricultural Economics (formerly Japanese Journal of Rural Economics), Agricultural Economics Society of Japan (AESJ), vol. 7, pages 1-10.
    4. Khan, Farid & Salim, Ruhul, 2015. "The Public R&D and Productivity Growth in Australian Broadacre Agriculture: A Cointegration and Causality Approach," 2015 Conference (59th), February 10-13, 2015, Rotorua, New Zealand 204432, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society.
    5. Matete, M.E. & Hassan, Rashid M., 2000. "Public sector agricultural research expenditures and output in Lesotho: Analysis of causality and cointegration," Agrekon, Agricultural Economics Association of South Africa (AEASA), vol. 39(4), pages 1-10, December.
    6. Thirtle, Colin & Ball, V. Eldon & Bureau, Jean-Christophe & Townsend, Robert, 1995. "Accounting for Productivity Differences in European Agriculture: Cointegration, Multilateral TFPs and R&D Spillovers," 1994 Conference, August 22-29, 1994, Harare, Zimbabwe 183441, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    7. James Oehmke & David Schimmelpfennig, 2004. "Quantifying Structural Change in U.S. Agriculture: The Case of Research and Productivity," Journal of Productivity Analysis, Springer, vol. 21(3), pages 297-315, May.
    8. Carlos Arnade, 1998. "Using a Programming Approach to Measure International Agricultural Efficiency and Productivity," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 49(1), pages 67-84, March.
    9. Roberto ESPOSTI & Pierpaolo PIERANI, 2001. "Building the Knowledge Stock: Lags, Depreciation and Uncertainty in Agricultural R&D," Working Papers 145, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche (I), Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche e Sociali.
    10. Pannell, David J., 1999. "On the balance between strategic-basic and applied agricultural research," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 43(1), pages 1-23, March.
    11. Shiva Makki & Luther Tweeten & Cameron Thraen, 1999. "Investing in Research and Education versus Commodity Programs: Implications for Agricultural Productivity," Journal of Productivity Analysis, Springer, vol. 12(1), pages 77-94, August.
    12. Andersen, Matthew A., 2019. "Knowledge productivity and the returns to agricultural research: a review," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 63(2), April.
    13. Alston, Julian M. & Pardey, Philip G., 2000. "Reassessing Research Returns: Attribution and Related Problems," 2000 Conference, August 13-18, 2000, Berlin, Germany 197205, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    14. Roberto Esposti & Pierpaolo Pierani, 2003. "Building the Knowledge Stock: Lags, Depreciation, and Uncertainty in R&D Investment and Link with Productivity Growth," Journal of Productivity Analysis, Springer, vol. 19(1), pages 33-58, January.
    15. repec:kap:iaecre:v:11:y:2005:i:2:p:201-213 is not listed on IDEAS
    16. Oscar Alfranca, 2005. "Private R&D and Spillovers in European Agriculture," International Advances in Economic Research, Springer;International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 11(2), pages 201-213, May.
    17. Alston, Julian M. & Pardey, Philip G., 2001. "Attribution and other problems in assessing the returns to agricultural R&D," Agricultural Economics, Blackwell, vol. 25(2-3), pages 141-152, September.

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