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Global Rare Earth In‐Use Stocks in NdFeB Permanent Magnets

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  • Xiaoyue Du
  • T. E. Graedel

Abstract

The rare earth elements are indispensible in modern technology, especially in the applications of permanent magnets. Very little quantitative information is available on rare earth elements used in permanent magnets, however. This study looks back to 1983, when neodymium‐iron‐boron (NdFeB) permanent magnets were first manufactured, and reaches to 2007, when the market of permanent magnets was well developed. We draw on the historical data on permanent magnets from China, Japan, the United States, and Europe to provide the first estimates of global in‐use stocks for four rare earth elements—praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), terbium (Tb), and dysprosium (Dy)—in NdFeB permanent magnets. In‐use stocks amount to 62.6 gigagrams (Gg) Nd, 15.7 Gg Pr, 15.7 Gg Dy, and 3.1 Gg Tb; these stocks, if efficiently recycled, could provide a valuable supplement to geological stocks as they are almost four times the 2007 annual extraction rate of the individual elements.

Suggested Citation

  • Xiaoyue Du & T. E. Graedel, 2011. "Global Rare Earth In‐Use Stocks in NdFeB Permanent Magnets," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 15(6), pages 836-843, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:inecol:v:15:y:2011:i:6:p:836-843
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00362.x
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    Cited by:

    1. Xiao, Shijiang & Geng, Yong & Rui, Xue & Su, Chang & Yao, Tianli, 2022. "Behind of the criticality for rare earth elements: Surplus of China’s yttrium," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    2. Gao, Cuixia & Xu, Yufei & Geng, Yong & Xiao, Shijiang, 2022. "Uncovering terbium metabolism in China: A dynamic material flow analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    3. Cheramin, Meysam & Saha, Apurba Kumar & Cheng, Jianqiang & Paul, Sanjoy Kumar & Jin, Hongyue, 2021. "Resilient NdFeB magnet recycling under the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic: Stochastic programming and Benders decomposition," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
    4. Schulze, Rita & Buchert, Matthias, 2016. "Estimates of global REE recycling potentials from NdFeB magnet material," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 12-27.
    5. Viebahn, Peter & Soukup, Ole & Samadi, Sascha & Teubler, Jens & Wiesen, Klaus & Ritthoff, Michael, 2015. "Assessing the need for critical minerals to shift the German energy system towards a high proportion of renewables," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 655-671.
    6. Zhao, Guimei & Li, Wenxiu & Geng, Yong & Bleischwitz, Raimund, 2023. "Dynamic material flow analysis of antimony resources in China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(PB).
    7. Frank MICHELBERGER & Hirut GROSSBERGER & Peter JUDMAIER, 2015. "Rare Earth Elements In Railway Infrastructure – Potentials For An Information System As A Tool For Operators And Other Stakeholders," Transport Problems, Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Transport, vol. 10(SE), pages 111-124, December.
    8. Jingxuan Geng & Han Hao & Xin Sun & Dengye Xun & Zongwei Liu & Fuquan Zhao, 2021. "Static material flow analysis of neodymium in China," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 25(1), pages 114-124, February.
    9. Cao, Zhi & Shen, Lei & Liu, Litao & Zhao, Jianan & Zhong, Shuai & Kong, Hanxiao & Sun, Yanzhi, 2017. "Estimating the in-use cement stock in China: 1920–2013," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 21-31.
    10. Glöser-Chahoud, Simon & Kühn, André & Tercero Espinoza, Luis Alberto, 2016. "Globale Verwendungsstrukturen der Magnetwerkstoffe Neodym und Dysprosium: Eine szenariobasierte Analyse der Auswirkung der Diffusion der Elektromobilität auf den Bedarf an Seltenen Erden," Working Papers "Sustainability and Innovation" S05/2016, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI).
    11. Arvesen, Anders & Hertwich, Edgar G., 2012. "Assessing the life cycle environmental impacts of wind power: A review of present knowledge and research needs," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(8), pages 5994-6006.
    12. Schmid, Marc, 2019. "Mitigating supply risks through involvement in rare earth projects: Japan's strategies and what the US can learn," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 1-1.
    13. Zerrahn, Alexander, 2017. "Wind Power and Externalities," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 245-260.
    14. Aiman Fadil & Paul Davis & John Geraghty, 2023. "A Mixed-Method Approach to Determine the Successful Factors Affecting the Criticality Level of Intermediate and Final Products on National Basis: A Case Study from Saudi Arabia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-29, March.
    15. Schmid Marc, 2019. "Kritische Rohstoffe – Die Achillesverse der USA im Wettstreit mit China," Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik, De Gruyter, vol. 68(3), pages 309-330, December.
    16. Machacek, Erika & Kalvig, Per, 2016. "Assessing advanced rare earth element-bearing deposits for industrial demand in the EU," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 186-203.
    17. Morimoto, Shinichirou & Sanematsu, Kenzo & Ozaki, Kimihiro & Ozawa, Akito & Seo, Yuna, 2019. "Methodological study of evaluating the traceability of neodymium based on the global substance flow analysis and Monte Carlo simulation," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 1-1.
    18. Zuo, Zhili & Cheng, Jinhua & Guo, Haixiang & McLellan, Benjamin Craig, 2021. "Catastrophe progression method - path (CPM-PATH) early warning analysis of Chinese rare earths industry security," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).

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