Grain Trade: A Literature Review and Research Outlook

Grain trade plays a critical role in global grain security and the balance of grain supply and demand across countries. As globalization progresses, the complexity and diversity of grain trade have become increasingly prominent. Its significance extends beyond the economic sphere, directly impacting social stability and international relations. The dynamic development of grain trade is influenced by a variety of factors, including climate change, international economic policies, technological advancements, and geopolitics. At the same time, the complexity of global grain supply chains, the uncertainty of international trade policies, and the frequent occurrence of extreme climate events pose significant challenges to the smooth operation of grain trade. In recent years, there has been growing attention in the international community on how to achieve the sustainable development of grain trade by optimizing policies, strengthening international cooperation, and promoting technological innovation. This study systematically reviews the existing literature on grain trade, providing a comprehensive summary of the research landscape, covering factors influencing grain trade, development trends, supply chain management, and risk management. The goal is to provide a systematic analysis and insights for both academics and policymakers, as well as directions and references for future research. Additionally, the study explores how grain trade has maintained resilience amid global crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change, and offers strategic recommendations for achieving global grain security. This research aims to further promote the sustainable development of grain trade systems and provide strong support for global grain security and socioeconomic stability.