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The bureaucratic and partisan behavior of independent central banks: German and international evidence
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Cited by:
- Steiner, Andreas, 2013.
"The accumulation of foreign exchange by central banks: Fear of capital mobility?,"
Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 38(PB), pages 409-427.
- Andreas Steiner, 2010. "The Accumulation of Foreign Exchange by Central Banks: Fear of Capital Mobility?," IEER Working Papers 85, Institute of Empirical Economic Research, Osnabrueck University.
- Niklas Potrafke, 2013.
"Economic Freedom and Government Ideology across the German States,"
Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 47(3), pages 433-449, March.
- Niklas Potrafke, 2011. "Economic Freedom and Government Ideology Across the German States," Working Paper Series of the Department of Economics, University of Konstanz 2011-41, Department of Economics, University of Konstanz.
- Potrafke, Niklas, 2013. "Economic Freedom and Government Ideology across the German States," Munich Reprints in Economics 19269, University of Munich, Department of Economics.
- Forder, James, 1998. "The case for an independent European central bank: A reassessment of evidence and sources," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 53-71, February.
- Masciandaro, Donato & Romelli, Davide, 2015.
"Ups and downs of central bank independence from the Great Inflation to the Great Recession: theory, institutions and empirics,"
Financial History Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 22(3), pages 259-289, December.
- Donato Masciandaro & Davide Romelli, 2015. "Ups and Downs. Central Bank Independence from the Great Inflation to the Great Recession: Theory, Institutions and Empirics," BAFFI CAREFIN Working Papers 1503, BAFFI CAREFIN, Centre for Applied Research on International Markets Banking Finance and Regulation, Universita' Bocconi, Milano, Italy.
- Sieg, Gernot, 2001. "A political business cycle with boundedly rational agents," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 17(1), pages 39-52, March.
- Potrafke, Niklas, 2013.
"Minority positions in the German Council of Economic Experts: A political economic analysis,"
European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 180-187.
- Niklas Potrafke, 2013. "Minority Positions in the German Council of Economic Experts: A Political Economic Analysis," CESifo Working Paper Series 4206, CESifo.
- Potrafke, Niklas, 2013. "Minority positions in the German Council of Economic Experts: A political economic analysis," Munich Reprints in Economics 19290, University of Munich, Department of Economics.
- Niklas Potrafke, 2013. "Minority positions in the German Council of Economic Experts: A political economic analysis," ifo Working Paper Series 160, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich.
- Cukierman, Alex, 2008.
"Central bank independence and monetary policymaking institutions -- Past, present and future,"
European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 24(4), pages 722-736, December.
- Alex Cukierman, 2006. "Central Bank Independence and Monetary Policy Making Institutions: Past, Present, and Future," Journal Economía Chilena (The Chilean Economy), Central Bank of Chile, vol. 9(1), pages 5-23, April.
- Alex Cukierman, 2007. "Central Bank Independence and Monetary Policymaking Institutions: Past, Present, and Future," Panoeconomicus, Savez ekonomista Vojvodine, Novi Sad, Serbia, vol. 54(4), pages 367-395.
- Alex Cukierman, 2006. "Central Bank Independence and Monetary Policymaking Institutions: Past, Present, and Future," Working Papers Central Bank of Chile 360, Central Bank of Chile.
- Cukierman, Alex, 2007. "Central Bank Independence and Monetary Policymaking Institutions - Past Present and Future," CEPR Discussion Papers 6441, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Kaufhold, Ann-Katrin & Langenbucher, Katja & Blank, Patrick & Krahnen, Jan Pieter, 2021. "BaFin (in)dependence - a reform proposal," SAFE White Paper Series 82, Leibniz Institute for Financial Research SAFE.
- repec:diw:diwwpp:dp1180 is not listed on IDEAS
- Dreher, Axel & Vaubel, Roland, 2009.
"Foreign exchange intervention and the political business cycle: A panel data analysis,"
Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 28(5), pages 755-775, September.
- Axel Dreher & Roland Vaubel, 2005. "Foreign Exchange Intervention And The Political Business Cycle: A Panel Data Analysis," International Finance 0505009, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Axel Dreher & Roland Vaubel, 2007. "Foreign Exchange Intervention and the Political Business Cycle: A Panel Data Analysis," KOF Working papers 07-159, KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich.
- Niklas Potrafke, 2011.
"Public Expenditures on Education and Cultural Affairs in the West German States: Does Government Ideology Influence the Budget Composition?,"
German Economic Review, Verein für Socialpolitik, vol. 12(1), pages 124-145, February.
- Potrafke Niklas, 2011. "Public Expenditures on Education and Cultural Affairs in the West German States: Does Government Ideology Influence the Budget Composition?," German Economic Review, De Gruyter, vol. 12(1), pages 124-145, February.
- Potrafke, Niklas, 2011. "Public Expenditures on Education and Cultural Affairs in the West German States: Does Government Ideology Influence the Budget Composition?," Munich Reprints in Economics 19277, University of Munich, Department of Economics.
- Niklas Potrafke, 2012.
"Is German domestic social policy politically controversial?,"
Public Choice, Springer, vol. 153(3), pages 393-418, December.
- Niklas Potrafke, 2011. "Is German Domestic Social Policy Politically Controversial?," Working Paper Series of the Department of Economics, University of Konstanz 2011-06, Department of Economics, University of Konstanz.
- Potrafke, Niklas, 2012. "Is German domestic social policy politically controversial?," Munich Reprints in Economics 19274, University of Munich, Department of Economics.
- Donato Masciandaro & Davide Romelli, 2019.
"Behavioral Monetary Policymaking: Economics, Political Economy and Psychology,"
World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Behavioral Finance The Coming of Age, chapter 9, pages 285-329,
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
- Donato Masciandaro & Davide Romelli, 2019. "Behavioral Monetary Policymaking: Economics, Political Economy And Psychology," BAFFI CAREFIN Working Papers 19105, BAFFI CAREFIN, Centre for Applied Research on International Markets Banking Finance and Regulation, Universita' Bocconi, Milano, Italy.
- Eijffinger, Sylvester C. W. & de Haan, Jakob & Koedijk, Kees, 2002.
"Small is beautiful: measuring the research input and output of European central banks,"
European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 18(2), pages 365-374, June.
- Eijffinger, S.C.W. & de Haan, J. & Koedijk, C.G., 2002. "Small is beautiful : Measuring the research input and output of European Central Banks," Other publications TiSEM 54809c56-978b-43f0-8117-8, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
- Helge Berger & Ulrich Woitek, "undated".
"Does Conservatism Matter? A Time Series Approach to Central Banking,"
Working Papers
9814, Business School - Economics, University of Glasgow, revised May 1999.
- Helge Berger & Ulrich Woitek, 1999. "Does Conservatism Matter? A Time Series Approach to Central Banking," CESifo Working Paper Series 190, CESifo.
- repec:zbw:rwirep:0094 is not listed on IDEAS
- Sylvester C.W. Eijffinger, 2003.
"The federal design of a central bank in a monetary union: The case of the European system of central banks,"
International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 8(4), pages 365-380.
- Sylvester C.W. Eijffinger, 2002. "The Federal Design of a Central Bank in a Monetary Union: The Case of the European System of Central Banks," Working Papers Central Bank of Chile 160, Central Bank of Chile.
- Eijffinger, S.C.W., 2003. "The federal design of a central bank in a monetary union : The case of the European system of central banks," Other publications TiSEM 155edad7-a59b-45db-a2b9-2, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
- Sylvester C.W. Eijffinger, 2002. "The Federal Design of a Central Bank in Monetary Union: The Case of the European System of Central Banks," Working Papers 64, Oesterreichische Nationalbank (Austrian Central Bank).
- Berthold Herrendorf & Manfred Neumann, 2000.
"A nonnormative theory of inflation and central bank independence,"
Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 136(2), pages 315-333, June.
- Herrendorf, B. & Neumann, M.J.M., 1998. "A non-Normative Theory of Inflation and Central Bank Independence," The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series (TWERPS) 515, University of Warwick, Department of Economics.
- Herrendorf, Berthold & Neumann, Manfred J. M., 1998. "A Non-normative Theory of Inflation and Central Bank Independence," Economic Research Papers 268797, University of Warwick - Department of Economics.
- Göhlmann, Silja & Vaubel, Roland, 2005. "The Educational and Professional Background of Central Bankers and its Effect on Inflation - An Empirical Analysis," RWI Discussion Papers 25, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung.
- Pierre L. Siklos & Martin T. Bohl, 2005.
"The Bundesbank's Communications Strategy and Policy Conflicts with the Federal Government,"
Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 72(2), pages 395-409, October.
- Siklos, Pierre L. & Bohl, Martin T., 2005. "The Bundesbank's Communications Strategy and Policy Conflicts with the Federal Government," Working Paper Series 2005,8, European University Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder), The Postgraduate Research Programme Capital Markets and Finance in the Enlarged Europe.
- Jäger, Kai, 2016.
"The Role of Regime Type in the Political Economy of Foreign Reserve Accumulation,"
European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 79-96.
- Jäger, Kai, 2016. "The Role of Regime Type in the Political Economy of Foreign Reserve Accumulation," Munich Reprints in Economics 43487, University of Munich, Department of Economics.
- Belke, Ansgar & Potrafke, Niklas, 2012.
"Does government ideology matter in monetary policy? A panel data analysis for OECD countries,"
Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(5), pages 1126-1139.
- Belke, Ansgar & Potrafke, Niklas, 2009. "Does Government Ideology Matter in Monetary Policy? – A Panel Data Analysis for OECD Countries," Ruhr Economic Papers 94, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen.
- Belke, Ansgar & Potrafke, Niklas, 2012. "Does government ideology matter in monetary policy? A panel data analysis for OECD countries," Munich Reprints in Economics 20245, University of Munich, Department of Economics.
- Ansgar Belke & Niklas Potrafke, 2011. "Does Government Ideology Matter in Monetary Policy? A Panel Data Analysis for OECD Countries," Working Paper Series of the Department of Economics, University of Konstanz 2011-48, Department of Economics, University of Konstanz.
- Ansgar Belke & Niklas Potrafke, 2011. "Does Government Ideology Matter in Monetary Policy?: A Panel Data Analysis for OECD Countries," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1180, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
- Oriola, Hugo, 2023. "Political monetary cycles: An empirical study," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
- Ibrahima Diouf & Dominique Pépin, 2010.
"Duisenberg and Trichet: Measures of their Degree of Conservatism,"
Recherches économiques de Louvain, De Boeck Université, vol. 76(2), pages 145-162.
- Ibrahima Diouf & Dominique Pépin, 2010. "Duisenberg and Trichet : Measures of their Degree of Conservatism," Discussion Papers (REL - Recherches Economiques de Louvain) 2010021, Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales (IRES).
- Sami Diaf & Jörg Döpke & Ulrich Fritsche & Ida Rockenbach, 2020.
"Sharks and minnows in a shoal of words: Measuring latent ideological positions of German economic research institutes based on text mining techniques,"
Macroeconomics and Finance Series
202001, University of Hamburg, Department of Socioeconomics.
- Diaf, Sami & Döpke, Jörg & Fritsche, Ulrich & Rockenbach, Ida, 2020. "Sharks and minnows in a shoal of words: Measuring latent ideological positions of German economic research institutes based on text mining techniques," Working Papers 24, German Research Foundation's Priority Programme 1859 "Experience and Expectation. Historical Foundations of Economic Behaviour", Humboldt University Berlin.
- Gohlmann, Silja & Vaubel, Roland, 2007. "The educational and occupational background of central bankers and its effect on inflation: An empirical analysis," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 51(4), pages 925-941, May.
- Moser, Peter, 1999. "Checks and balances, and the supply of central bank independence," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 43(8), pages 1569-1593, August.
- Dodge Cahan & Luisa Doerr & Niklas Potrafke, 2019.
"Government ideology and monetary policy in OECD countries,"
Public Choice, Springer, vol. 181(3), pages 215-238, December.
- Dodge Cahan & Luisa Dörr & Niklas Potrafke, 2019. "Government ideology and monetary policy in OECD countries," ifo Working Paper Series 296, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich.
- Cahan, Dodge & Doerr, Luisa & Potrafke, Niklas, 2019. "Government ideology and monetary policy in OECD countries," Munich Reprints in Economics 78247, University of Munich, Department of Economics.
- Dodge Cahan & Luisa Dörr & Niklas Potrafke & Luisa Dörr, 2019. "Government ideology and monetary policy in OECD countries," CESifo Working Paper Series 7549, CESifo.
- Timm Betz & Andrew Kerner, 2016. "The influence of interest: Real US interest rates and bilateral investment treaties," The Review of International Organizations, Springer, vol. 11(4), pages 419-448, December.
- Carsten Hefeker, 2003.
"Federal Monetary Policy,"
Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 105(4), pages 643-659, December.
- Carsten Hefeker, 2001. "Federal Monetary Policy," CESifo Working Paper Series 422, CESifo.
- Roland Vaubel, 2009. "Constitutional courts as promoters of political centralization: lessons for the European Court of Justice," European Journal of Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 28(3), pages 203-222, December.
- Maier, Philipp & Knaap, Thijs, 2002.
"Who supported the Deutsche Bundesbank?: An empirical investigation,"
Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 24(9), pages 831-851, December.
- Maier, Philipp & Knaap, Thijs, 2001. "Who supported the Deutsche Bundesbank? : an empirical investigation," CCSO Working Papers 200108, University of Groningen, CCSO Centre for Economic Research.
- Helge Berger & Jakob de Haan & Jakob de Haan, 1997. "A State within the State? An Event Study on the Bundesbank," CESifo Working Paper Series 131, CESifo.
- Lindner, Axel, 2000. "Long-term appointment of central bankers: costs and benefits," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 16(4), pages 639-654, November.
- D. Masciandaro, 2019. "What Bird Is That? Central Banking And Monetary Policy In The Last Forty Years," BAFFI CAREFIN Working Papers 19127, BAFFI CAREFIN, Centre for Applied Research on International Markets Banking Finance and Regulation, Universita' Bocconi, Milano, Italy.
- Sell, Friedrich L., 1999. "Die EWWU als Club: Positive und normative Implikationen für den Beitritt mittel- und osteuropäischer Reformstaaten," Working Papers in Economics 1999,4, Bundeswehr University Munich, Economic Research Group.
- Mark Harris & Paul Levine & Christopher Spencer, 2011.
"A decade of dissent: explaining the dissent voting behavior of Bank of England MPC members,"
Public Choice, Springer, vol. 146(3), pages 413-442, March.
- Harris, Mark & Spencer, Christopher, 2008. "Decade of dissent: explaining the dissent voting behavior of Bank of England MPC members," MPRA Paper 9100, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Maier, Philipp & Bezoen, Saskia, 2004. "Bashing and supporting central banks: the Bundesbank and the European Central Bank," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 20(4), pages 923-939, November.
- Berger, Helge & Woitek, Ulrich, 2001. "The German political business cycle: money demand rather than monetary policy," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 17(3), pages 609-631, September.
- Niklas Potrafke, 2012. "Zum Einfluss von Regierungsideologie und Zentralbankunabhängigkeit auf die Geldpolitik," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 65(11), pages 25-26, June.
- Eric Dubois, 2016. "Political Business Cycles 40 Years after Nordhaus," Post-Print hal-01291401, HAL.
- Diaf, Sami & Döpke, Jörg & Fritsche, Ulrich & Rockenbach, Ida, 2022. "Sharks and minnows in a shoal of words: Measuring latent ideological positions based on text mining techniques," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
- Freddy H. Castro & Ingrid Monroy, 2011.
"Demanda laboral en la Banca Central: análisis de tendencias 2000-2009,"
Borradores de Economia
8842, Banco de la Republica.
- Freddy H. Castro & Ingrid Monroy, 2011. "Demanda laboral en la Banca Central: análisis de tendencias 2000-2009," Borradores de Economia 662, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
- Vaubel, Roland, 1997. "Reply to Berger and Woitek," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 13(4), pages 823-827, December.
- Eric Dubois, 2016. "Political business cycles 40 years after Nordhaus," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 166(1), pages 235-259, January.
- Masciandaro, Donato, 2022. "Independence, conservatism, and beyond: Monetary policy, central bank governance and central banker preferences (1981–2021)," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 122(C).
- Hamza Bennani, 2015.
"Dissecting the brains of central bankers: The case of the ECB’s Governing Council members on reforms,"
International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 141, pages 97-114.
- Hamza Bennani, 2015. "Dissecting the brains of central bankers: the case of the ECB's Governing Council members on reforms," Post-Print hal-01385995, HAL.
- Bennani, Hamza, 2015. "Dissecting the brains of central bankers: the case of the ECB's Governing Council members on reforms," MPRA Paper 62371, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Gebhard Kirchgässner, 2009. "The Lost Popularity Function: Are Unemployment and Inflation no longer Relevant for the Bahaviour of German Voters?," CESifo Working Paper Series 2882, CESifo.
- Donato Masciandaro, 2021. "Central Bank Governance in Monetary Policy Economics (1981-2020)," BAFFI CAREFIN Working Papers 21153, BAFFI CAREFIN, Centre for Applied Research on International Markets Banking Finance and Regulation, Universita' Bocconi, Milano, Italy.
- Bernd Hayo & Carsten Hefeker, 2001. "Do We Really Need Central Bank Independence? A Critical Re- examination," Macroeconomics 0103006, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Gartner, Manfred, 1999. "The election cycle in the inflation bias: evidence from the G-7 countries," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 15(4), pages 705-725, November.
- Beckmann, Joscha & Ademmer, Esther & Belke, Ansgar & Schweickert, Rainer, 2017. "The political economy of the impossible trinity," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 103-123.
- Berger, Helge & Woitek, Ulrich, 1997. "How opportunistic are partisan German central bankers: Evidence on the Vaubel hypothesis," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 13(4), pages 807-821, December.
- Siklos, Pierre L., 2008. "No single definition of central bank independence is right for all countries," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 24(4), pages 802-816, December.
- repec:zbw:rwidps:0025 is not listed on IDEAS
- repec:dgr:rugccs:200108 is not listed on IDEAS
- Leertouwer, Erik & Maier, Philipp, 2001. "Who creates political business cycles: should central banks be blamed?," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 17(3), pages 445-463, September.
- Silja Göhlmann & Roland Vaubel, 2005. "The Educational and Professional Background of Central Bankers and its Effect on Inflation – An Empirical Analysis," RWI Discussion Papers 0025, Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung.
- Carnis Laurent, 2011. ""He Who is Unfit to Serve his Fellow Citizens Wants to Rule Them"--the Political Dimensions of Mises' Theory of Bureaucracy," Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines, De Gruyter, vol. 17(1), pages 1-16, April.
- Hugo Oriola & Matthieu Picault, 2023. "Opportunistic Political Central Bank Coverage: Does media coverage of ECB's Monetary Policy Impacts German Political Parties' Popularity?," EconomiX Working Papers 2023-30, University of Paris Nanterre, EconomiX.
- Friedrich Heinemann, 2021.
"The political economy of euro area sovereign debt restructuring,"
Constitutional Political Economy, Springer, vol. 32(4), pages 502-522, December.
- Heinemann, Friedrich, 2021. "The political economy of euro area sovereign debt restructuring," ZEW Discussion Papers 21-004, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
- Donato Masciandaro, 2021. "Central Bank Governance in Monetary Policy Economics (1981-2020)," BAFFI CAREFIN Working Papers 21153, BAFFI CAREFIN, Centre for Applied Research on International Markets Banking Finance and Regulation, Universita' Bocconi, Milano, Italy.
- Christina Schneider, 2010. "Fighting with one hand tied behind the back: political budget cycles in the West German states," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 142(1), pages 125-150, January.
- Ansgar Belke & Niklas Potrafke, 2009. "Does Government Ideology Matter in Monetary Policy? – A Panel Data Analysis for OECD Countries," Ruhr Economic Papers 0094, Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universität Dortmund, Universität Duisburg-Essen.
- Eric Dubois, 2016. "Political Business Cycles 40 Years after Nordhaus," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) hal-01291401, HAL.
- Donato Masciandaro & Davide Romelli, 2018. "To Be or not to Be a Euro Country? The Behavioural Political Economics of Currency Unions," BAFFI CAREFIN Working Papers 1883, BAFFI CAREFIN, Centre for Applied Research on International Markets Banking Finance and Regulation, Universita' Bocconi, Milano, Italy.
- Singleton,John, 2010. "Central Banking in the Twentieth Century," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521899093, November.
- Sylvester Eijffinger & Ronald Mahieu & Louis Raes, 2016. "Monetary Policy Committees, Voting Behavior and Ideal Points," BAFFI CAREFIN Working Papers 1628, BAFFI CAREFIN, Centre for Applied Research on International Markets Banking Finance and Regulation, Universita' Bocconi, Milano, Italy.
- Sennur Sezgin, 2010. "Defence Spending and Political Business Cycles in Turkey," Ege Academic Review, Ege University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, vol. 10(2), pages 487-502.
- Vaubel Roland, 2009. "Lehren aus der Finanzkrise: Rolle des Staates und internationale Dimension / Lessons from the financial crisis: The role of government and the international dimension," ORDO. Jahrbuch für die Ordnung von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, De Gruyter, vol. 60(1), pages 247-266, January.
- Niklas Potrafke, 2013. "Minderheitsvoten im Sachverständigenrat: Eine politisch-ökonomische Analyse," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 66(09), pages 37-40, May.
- Sieg, Gernot, 1997. "A model of partisan central banks and opportunistic political business cycles," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 13(3), pages 503-516, September.
- Hayo, Bernd & Hefeker, Carsten, 2002. "Reconsidering central bank independence," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 18(4), pages 653-674, November.