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The policy relevance of virtual water can be enhanced by considering comparative advantages

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  1. Eduardo A. Haddad & Fatima Ezzahra Mengoub & Vinicius A. Vale, 2020. "Water content in trade: a regional analysis for Morocco," Economic Systems Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 32(4), pages 565-584, October.
  2. Dennis Wichelns, 2010. "Virtual Water: A Helpful Perspective, but not a Sufficient Policy Criterion," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 24(10), pages 2203-2219, August.
  3. Novo, P. & Garrido, A. & Varela-Ortega, C., 2009. "Are virtual water "flows" in Spanish grain trade consistent with relative water scarcity?," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(5), pages 1454-1464, March.
  4. Mukherji, Aditi & Facon, T. & Molden, David & Chartres, Colin, 2010. "Growing more food with less water: how can revitalizing Asia\u2019s irrigation help?," Conference Papers h043241, International Water Management Institute.
  5. Fracasso, Andrea, 2014. "A gravity model of virtual water trade," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 215-228.
  6. Hoekstra, Arjen Y. & Chapagain, Ashok K., 2007. "The water footprints of Morocco and the Netherlands: Global water use as a result of domestic consumption of agricultural commodities," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(1), pages 143-151, October.
  7. Carlos A. L�pez-Morales & Faye Duchin, 2015. "Economic Implications Of Policy Restrictions On Water Withdrawals From Surface And Underground Sources," Economic Systems Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 27(2), pages 154-171, June.
  8. Hoekstra, Arjen, 2010. "The relation between international trade and freshwater scarcity," WTO Staff Working Papers ERSD-2010-05, World Trade Organization (WTO), Economic Research and Statistics Division.
  9. Garrido, Alberto & Novo, Paula & Rodriguez Casado, Roberto & Varela-Ortega, Consuelo, 2009. "Can virtual water 'trade' reduce water scarcity in semi-arid countries? The case of Spain," 2009 Conference, August 16-22, 2009, Beijing, China 51048, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
  10. Andrea Fracasso & Martina Sartori & Stefano Schiavo, 2014. "Determinants of Virtual Water Flows in the Mediterranean," IEFE Working Papers 75, IEFE, Center for Research on Energy and Environmental Economics and Policy, Universita' Bocconi, Milano, Italy.
  11. Chen, Rui & Adu, Derick T. & Li, Wenying & Wilson, Norbert L.W., 2024. "Virtual water trade: Does bilateral tariff matter?," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 222(C).
  12. Weijiao Ye & Ziqiang Li, 2023. "Will the Grain Imports Competition Effect Reverse Land Green Efficiency of Grain Production? Analysis Based on Virtual Land Trade Perspective," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-19, November.
  13. Erik Gawel & Kristina Bernsen, 2013. "What is Wrong with Virtual Water Trading? On the Limitations of the Virtual Water Concept," Environment and Planning C, , vol. 31(1), pages 168-181, February.
  14. Verma, Shilp & Kampman, D. A. & van der Zaag, P. & Hoekstra, A. K., 2009. "Addressing India’s water challenge 2050: the virtual water trade option," IWMI Conference Proceedings 260571, International Water Management Institute.
  15. Maria Berrittella & Katrin Rehdanz & Arjen Y. Hoekstra & Roberto Roson & Richard S.J. Tol, 2006. "The Economic Impact Of Restricted Water Supply: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis," Working Papers FNU-93, Research unit Sustainability and Global Change, Hamburg University, revised Jul 2006.
  16. Alina Petronela Alexoaei & Valentin Cojanu & Cristiana-Ioana Coman, 2021. "On Sustainable Consumption: The Implications of Trade in Virtual Water for the EU’s Food Security," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-19, October.
  17. Zhang, Chao & Anadon, Laura Diaz, 2014. "A multi-regional input–output analysis of domestic virtual water trade and provincial water footprint in China," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 159-172.
  18. Duarte, Rosa & Pinilla, Vicente & Serrano, Ana, 2019. "Long Term Drivers of Global Virtual Water Trade: A Trade Gravity Approach for 1965–2010," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 318-326.
  19. Wang, Young-Doo & Lee, Jae Seung & Agbemabiese, Lawrence & Zame, Kenneth & Kang, Sung-Goo, 2015. "Virtual water management and the water–energy nexus: A case study of three Mid-Atlantic states," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 76-84.
  20. Niemeyer, Insa & Garrido, Alberto, 2011. "Latin American Agricultural Trade: The Role of the WTO in Sustainable Virtual Water Flows," 2011 International Congress, August 30-September 2, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland 114615, European Association of Agricultural Economists.
  21. Marta Antonelli & Martina Sartori, 2014. "Unfolding the Potential of the Virtual Water Concept. What is still under debate?," IEFE Working Papers 74, IEFE, Center for Research on Energy and Environmental Economics and Policy, Universita' Bocconi, Milano, Italy.
  22. Reimer, Jeffrey J., 2012. "On the economics of virtual water trade," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 135-139.
  23. Elena, Galan-del-Castillo & Esther, Velazquez, 2010. "From water to energy: The virtual water content and water footprint of biofuel consumption in Spain," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(3), pages 1345-1352, March.
  24. Aixi Han & Ao Liu & Zhenshan Guo & Yi Liang & Li Chai, 2023. "Measuring Gains and Losses in Virtual Water Trade from Environmental and Economic Perspectives," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 85(1), pages 195-209, May.
  25. Ankai Xu, 2018. "Trade in Virtual Water: Do Property Rights Matter?," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 32(8), pages 2585-2609, June.
  26. Anastasia B. Likhacheva & Igor A. Makarov, 2014. "The Virtual Water Of Siberia And The Russian Far East For The Asia-Pacific Region: Global Gains Vs Regional Sustainability," HSE Working papers WP BRP 10/IR/2014, National Research University Higher School of Economics.
  27. Gutiérrez-Gómez, Celia & Carrillo-Avila, Eugenio & Landeros-Sánchez, Cesáreo & Coh-Méndez, Domingo & Monsalvo-Espinosa, Avelardo & Arreola-Enríquez, Jesús & Pimentel-López, José, 2018. "Soil moisture tension as an alternative for improving sustainable use of irrigation water for habanero chilies (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 28-37.
  28. de Fraiture, Charlotte & Wichelns, Dennis, 2010. "Satisfying future water demands for agriculture," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 97(4), pages 502-511, April.
  29. Dik Roth & Jeroen Warner, 2008. "Virtual water: Virtuous impact? The unsteady state of virtual water," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 25(2), pages 257-270, June.
  30. Yang, Hong & Wang, Lei & Zehnder, Alexander J.B., 2007. "Water scarcity and food trade in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 32(5-6), pages 585-605.
  31. Ansink, Erik, 2010. "Refuting two claims about virtual water trade," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(10), pages 2027-2032, August.
  32. Yong Wang & Hong-lang Xiao & Rui-fang Wang, 2009. "Water Scarcity and Water Use in Economic Systems in Zhangye City, Northwestern China," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 23(13), pages 2655-2668, October.
  33. Hoekstra, A.Y., 2009. "Human appropriation of natural capital: A comparison of ecological footprint and water footprint analysis," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(7), pages 1963-1974, May.
  34. Leonardo Bertassello & Marc F. Müller & Adam Wiechman & Gopal Penny & Marta Tuninetti & Michèle C. Müller-Itten, 2023. "Food demand displaced by global refugee migration influences water use in already water stressed countries," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-13, December.
  35. Chen, Rui & Wilson, Norbert L.W., 2017. "Virtual Water Trade: Do Bilateral Tariffs Matter?," 2017 Annual Meeting, July 30-August 1, Chicago, Illinois 258279, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
  36. Temmerman, Fitzgerald, 2011. "Virtual Water Trade and International Trade Law," Papers 212, World Trade Institute.
  37. Dimaranan, Betina & Duc, Le Thuc & Martin, Will, 2005. "Potential Economic Impacts of Merchandise Trade Liberalization under Viet Nam’s Accession to the WTO," Conference papers 331403, Purdue University, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Global Trade Analysis Project.
  38. Hanjra, Munir A. & Qureshi, M. Ejaz, 2010. "Global water crisis and future food security in an era of climate change," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(5), pages 365-377, October.
  39. Gawel, Erik & Bernsen, Kristina, 2011. "What is wrong with virtual water trading?," UFZ Discussion Papers 1/2011, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Division of Social Sciences (ÖKUS).
  40. Tian, Qingsong & Yu, Yan & Xu, Yueyan & Li, Chongguang & Liu, Nianjie, 2023. "Patterns and driving factors of agricultural virtual water imports in China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 281(C).
  41. Debaere, Peter, 2012. "The Global Economics of Water: Is Water A Source of Comparative Advantage?," CEPR Discussion Papers 9030, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  42. Ereney Hadjigeorgalis, 2009. "A Place for Water Markets: Performance and Challenges," Review of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 31(1), pages 50-67.
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